Mixed Lineage Leukemia ( Mll ) - 1788 Words

Introduction Mixed lineage leukemia (Mll) are a family of catalytic enzymes in humans which contain a highly conserved SET domain required for their full catalytic activity (Dehe et al 2015). These family of proteins are involved in regulating gene expression by methylation of the 4th Lysine residue on H3 histones. So far, 6 different types of Mll family proteins have been identified in humans one of which is Mll1 (Morgan and Shilatifard 2013). The high number of Mll subunits observed in higher Eukaryotes is believed to be the result of high demand for regulating H3K4 methylation at chromatins (Zhang et al 2015). Mll1, the most studied member of these Mll family, is an enzyme in humans coded by KMT2A gene located on chromosome 11 (Zhang et†¦show more content†¦This demonstrates the urgency and need to study these family of proteins in effort to treat mixed lineage leukemia better. However, the large number of subunits and higher complexity of these family of proteins hinder the direct study of these proteins. Set1 is a yeast enzyme that is part of a large protein complex called COMPASS which also include Mll1 (Roguev et al 2001). Like Mll1, it also consist a highly conserved SET domain which 2 as catalytic role (Stassen et al., 1995; Laible et al., 1997). Moreover, these proteins share a similar function of regulating gene expression by mono-, di-, and tri-methylation of H3K4 (Amanika et al 2008). Thus, there exists a remarkable homology between Set1 and Mll1 proteins which allows indirect studies of Mll1 proteins. This is more ideal as Set1 is the only H3K4 methyl transferase in S.cerevisae which tremendously eliminate the complexity (Briggs et al 2001). In addition, loss of H3K4 methylation in S.cerevisae triggers apoptosis which allows better visualization of phenotypic growth differences (Walter et al 2014). Thus, studying Set1 can give important insight about Mll1 proteins and their mechanisms of action in causing leukemia. Set1 methyltransferases play an important role in gene silencing at silent chromatin regions of S.cerevisae. Silent chromatin regions are found at telomeres, HM loci (HML and HMR), and rDNA which are associated with low levels of transcription (Smith et al 1997). In previous

Future Analysis of Nation State Free Essays

string(57) " which culture has to be invented by nationalist elites\." Future Analysis of The Nation-State System Introduction: It is common to hear of the threats to the nation-state system in the contemporary world. Such threats seem to originate from many different quarters, at different level of the global system. This impending sense that the nation-state is somehow in â€Å"crisis† led to analyze the question of â€Å"the contemporary crisis of the nation-state? † But before we go into the analysis, it is important to look into the ideas that would help to understand the case, under discussion, in a better way. We will write a custom essay sample on Future Analysis of Nation State or any similar topic only for you Order Now To begin with, let’s see the definition of nation, state and the nation-state system, according to the context under discussion. Nation According to the Oxford English dictionary, the word nation literally means, community of people having mainly common descent, history, language, etc or forming sovereign state or inhabiting territory. From the above definition, there are two kinds of nations, the ethnic nation (community with common descent) and demotic nation (community with common territorial boundaries). E. K. Francis draws a distinction between ‘ethnic’ nations that are based on belief in common descent and a sense of solidarity and common identity, and ‘demotic’ nations that are based on shared administrative and military institutions, common territorial boundaries for protection and the mobility of goods and people. This is similar to the distinction often made between ‘cultural nations’, based on criteria such as language, customs, religion and the ‘political nations’, that are more contractual and derive from shared institutions, shared citizenship and a sense of shared history. State According to Oxford English dictionary, state literally means, political community under one government. This means a community which is coherent with the government of the state obeys the government with its own will, making government responsible for it. It is the political organization of the people under one government. Nation-State System The nation-state system is traditionally, an amalgamation of ‘nation’ (one people) with ‘state’ (one government). If one were to imagine an abstract image of the globe one would see gridlines. These lines mark off different nation-states. Each one is separate from the others and sovereign inside its defined and unmoving borders. These nation-states interact with each other, be it through war or trade in a relationship that is theoretically simple. Each nation-state is ‘equal’ in terms of having sovereignty (self-determination) and the sole right to use legitimate force inside its own borders. This modern nation-state system came into existence with the treaty of Westphalia, 1648. In international system, ‘low’ politics of trade and business and temporary agreement of MNCs, IGO and INGOs are less important than that of ‘high’ politics the nation-state, with its role of protecting its sovereignty from the attack and of maintaining stability inside its borders. Today, there are more than 200 nation-states in the world. Nation-State as a Historical-Political Form The ideal articulation of ‘nation’ as a form of cultural community and the‘State’ as a territorial, political unit is now widely accepted and often taken as unproblematic. Yet scholars of nationalism point out that that was not alwaysthe case. That every nation deserves its autonomy and identity through its ownsovereign state (even though many may not demand it) is an ideal that manytrace to the French Revolution. As Cobban points out, whereas before the FrenchRevolution there had been no necessary connection between the state as a political unit and the nation as a cultural one, it became possible and desirablesince then to think of a combination of these two in a single conception of the nation-state. That this still remains an ‘ideal’ and one vastly unrealized, as inthe existence of several â€Å"multi-national’’ states, is also largely recognized, although much of international relations theory fails to follow through on the implications of that ‘reality’. Concept of Sovereignty The meaning and concept of sovereignty has assumed many different shapes. Moreover, it has frequently changed its content,its laws and even its functions during the modern period. Hugo Grotius, in his famous work De Jure Belli ac Pacis: Sovereignty is ‘that power whose acts †¦ may not be void by the acts of other human will. Other political theorists have, in general, given similar definitions. Oppenheim: ‘Sovereignty is supreme authority, an authority which is independent of any other earthly authority. ’ Willoughby:‘Sovereignty is the supreme will of the state. ’ Various writers on political theory have insisted that every le gally recognized state by definition is sovereign. It is simply a reminder that just as every state is legally equal to any other, so it is legally sovereign. But if we see the contemporary interaction of states with reference to above definition, we would definitely conclude that the concept of sovereignty has again changed. The concept of absolute sovereignty has become obsolete and has been replaced by the concept of relative sovereignty/authority and interdependence. Just as in real world, some states are bigger in size, power and influence than others just like that sovereignty of the states has become relative. It must be recognized that there are now degrees of sovereignty and self-determination. Only sovereignty left with states is legal sovereignty. Except it every other aspect of the state is relative or dependent on intrastate and interstate factors. Concept of Nationalism Nationalism is the patriotic feeling for one’s nation or country. Professor Louis L. Snyder defines nationalism as ‘a product of political, economic, social and intellectual factors at a certain stage in history, is a condition of mind, feeling or sentiment of a group of people living in a well-define geographical area, speaking a common language, possessing a literature in which the aspirations of the nation have been expressed, attached to common traditions and common customs, venerating its own heroes, and in some cases having a common religion. Some point out that the political nations are based more on ‘civic’ nationalism, as opposed to the ‘ethnic’ nationalism characteristic of the cultural nations. These observations are based on two popular theories of nationalism. Primordialists’ approach the extent to which culture exists as a given resource for the constitution of nationsand instrumentalist’ approach, the extent to which culture has to be invented by nationalist elites. You read "Future Analysis of Nation State" in category "Papers" The primordialist approach, evident in the early work of Geertz, Shils and in the socio-biological theory of Van den Berghe, argues that ethnic and cultural attachments are pre-givens, or at least assumed givens, and appear ‘natural’ to members of a group. As against this, the instrumentalist approach, evidenced to varying degrees in the works of Brass, Hobsbawm and Nairn, argues that ethnic attachments are often invented and manipulated by elites to construct the nation as a privileged source of a group’s loyalty. I’m of the view that all national identities are constructed as dictated by the instrumentalist theory. In other words, there are no ‘natural’ nationalities. There is no a priori manner in which peoples can be made into nations. It is the work ofnationalism to construct or produce a ‘nation’. In the words of BenedictAnderson, the nation has to be ‘imagined’. Nations are imagined ‘because themembers of even the smallest nation will never know most of their fellow members,meet them, or even hear of them, yet in the minds of each livesthe image of their communion. It is through nationalist ideology that thiscommunion is constructed. Anderson traces the development of nationalism to the development of print-capitalism, which helped to produce and disseminatea common culture to ground the national imagination. 18 Regardless of what basisis used to ground this communion, nations are ultimately based on what EtienneBalibar has called `â₠¬â„¢fictive ethnicities’. It is the work of nationalist ideology to ‘ethnicize’’ a community. It is through the representational labor of nationalist ideology that a community is constructed as if it formed a natural communionwith its unique and singular origin and destiny. ‘Nation building’ hasalways been a project of the state as well and the widespread existence of globalnorms on sovereignty and self-determination (and the continuing appeal of theideal of the ‘nation-state’) now ensure that existing states themselves have toengage to some extent in attempts at nation building. In other words, it is notsimply that nations often seek and demand states, but states need nations as well. These efforts of nation building are more evident and stark at times of crisis such as war,but in reality are always in existence in more subtle ways through various statepolicies and programs, as well as through the ideological state apparatusesin civil society. In that sense state building and nation building have become simultaneousand symbiotic processes. Yet for analytical purposes it is perhaps better not toconfuse these two processes because, even if the ends they seek are somewhatsimilar or complementary, the processes remain somewhat different. State buildingoccurs through the penetration and integration of the territorial economy,polity and society and speaks to questions of political authority and effectivegovernance. Nation building is the construction of a cohesive cultural communitythat can demand citizen loyalty and commitment. As it is shownin the nextsection, the fragmentation of nation-states refers tonation building, and inparticular to the inability of the state to build cohesive nations, while those that point to the effects of globalization on weakening the nation-state often (but notexclusively) refer to problems with state building. Challenges to The Nation-State Forces of Fragmentation The authority of the nation-state depends to a large extent on its consistency,unity and stability in the eyes of its public or, in other words, of the ability ofthe state to project a united nation. The imagined nations, as Anderson pointsout, present themselves as ‘communities’,‘because regardless of the actualinequality and exploitation that may prevail in each, the nation is alwaysconceived as a deep, horizontal comradeship’’. Part of the project of the state is to seekconsent from its citizens as to the depth and equality of that comradeship. Yetthe national space has many differences and conflicts – among ethnicities, races, religious groups, classes, genders, etc. Each of those differences threatens the coherence and unity of the national fabric. Most of the literature on fragmentation focuses on ethnic (and religious) conflicts within existing states. Nationbuilding requires that such ethnic and religious conflicts are effectively controlledby the state. Even though ‘assimilation’ has been an acknowledged goal of many states historically, Talal Asad has pointed out that hegemonic power worksnot so much through suppressing differences by homogenization, as throughdifferentiating and marginalizing. The ‘nation’ in projects of the state does notrepresent a singular cultural space so much as a hierarchy of cultural spaces. What RudolfoStavenhagen calls an ‘ethnocratic state’- a nation-state controlledessentially by a majority or dominant ethnie, able to exercise cultural hegemonyover the rest of the ation – is the rule rather than the exception in the modernsystem of nation-states. The success of nation-building depends on the extentto which the state is able to secure a broad measure of ‘consent’ on thishierarchy. The national project requires the construction of what Asad calls a‘cultural core’ that becomes the ‘essence’ of ‘the nation’. A t the most basiclevel, fragmentation occurs when the state is no longer (if ever) able to effectivelysecure consent on this cultural core. States have a variety of available means to meet the demands of ethnic and religious groups within their borders. To the extent that assimilation is no longerconsidered possible or effective, or even desirable, states can and do makeattempts to accommodate such demands through various political and institutionalmechanisms. Regardless of how determined and well organized thosedemands are, which might make a polity quite unstable in certain situations,fragmentation refers more specifically to situations where such demands arelinked with claims to territory. Or using Oomen’s definition, it is when an ethnic group establishes a moral claim to territory within a state thatone can speak of sub nationalisms, or what are sometimes called ethno nationalisms. Many states that are classified as nation-states within international relationshave always been such multi-national states – like in India where different ethnicand linguistic groups are regionally organized on the basis of claims to territory,or as in the case of the Scots and Welsh within Britain. Such moral claims toterritory might not necessarily generate separatist movements. But it is the existence of such sub nationalisms thatcreates the possibility of the fragmentation of the nation-state. Ultimately, thiscan be a crisis of the nation-state because such nationalisms threaten to fragmentone of the central bases of state sovereignty -the territorial integrity of the existingnation-state. Or maybe the civic (more than the cultural) nationalism of manymodern states makes the nation-state (unlike ethnicity or religion), simply toolarge, amorphous and psychically distant to be the object of intimate affection. The point here is that fragmentation occurs and is occurring rapidly in theworld, as evidenced in Bosnia, Rwanda, Spain, Ethiopia, Sri Lanka, Canada, toname a very few geographically diverse examples. Fragmentation occurs whenthere is a disarticulation between the state as a spatial unit (with fixed territory)with the spatial claims of the nation(s) in whose name(s) it speaks. The ultimate concern with fragmentation, as I mentioned above, is that itthreatens the territorial integrity of existing nation-states. But as IstvanHont points out, even though there might be legitimate grounds for concern over theterritorial integrity of contemporary states devolving into smaller territorialunits, this should be seen as a ‘triumph’ rather than a ‘crisis’of the nation-state. Fragmentation is a threat to the existence of particular states, rather thanthe system of nation-states. It represents the failure of particular states to holdon to the ‘spatiality’ (both geopolitically and culturally) of their claims toauthority. But in more general terms, fragmentation represents the success ofthe ideal of the nation-state – that every nation deserves its own state. This seemsmore obvious in the case of the end of empire and its dissolution into independentpolities each claiming the title of nation-state, first in the post-World War II eraof decolonization, and more recently in the break-up of the Soviet Union andthe Eastern bloc countries. Forces of Globalization The effects of globalization on the nation-state are a bit more complex. Forces outside the nation-state can hold back, enable and influence the nation-state in a variety of ways. For the purposes of this discussion, I classify theseforces into two groups – forces of economic globalization and forces of culturalglobalization, although the two are quite closely related in many ways. Economic Globalization The development of thefield of international political economy (IPE) has pointedout thatexclusive focus on the nation-state as a unit of analysis can be inadequate inunderstanding the dimensions of economic activity in the modern world. Some approaches within IPE, such as Interdependence, Regime and HegemonicStability Theories continue to be state-centric. But that is not the case with anumber of other approaches. Marxist approaches in particular have been dividedover the question of the role of the state. This division has been over thequestion of the extent to which the supranational character of the capitalistmode of production restricts all modern state structures versus the extent to which the state plays a direct role in promoting the internationalization ofcapital. Exemplifying the former perspective, Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory was based on the ontological dominance of the world capitalist system,based on a single division of labor between the core, peripheral and semi peripheralregions of the world. Even though Wallerstein recognized the significance of nation-states in the modern world, in his analysis the essentials ofmarket exchange at the international level reduced state autonomy so much sothat nation-states were but super structuralattachments helping in the reproductionof the modern global capitalist system. But other scholars who have lookedat the internationalization of capital have stressed how the state continues toplay a role in the reproduction of capitalism. Robin Murray has pointed out thatas capital extends beyond its national borders, the historical link that bound itto its particular domestic state no longer necessarily holds. But the domestic stateis not territorially limited in its activities, and it might well ‘follow’ its capital and perform the critical ‘economic roles’ that it has always played in thereproduction of capitalism. The gradual shift from multinational corporations towards more transnational corporations or from the internationalization of economic activity (aseconomic activity spreads across state borders) towards the globalization ofeconomic activity (which involves a more purposefulcombination of economicactivity spread globally) also limits state capacity to control and influencedomestic national economies and thus weakens state authority over its nationalspace. This is what Mittelman has called ‘the spatial reorganization of production, the interpenetration of industries across borders [and] the spread of financial markets’. The spatial reorganization of production has been accompanied by changes in the international division of labor, which has includedamong other changes the feminization of certain kinds of labor. The globalization of international finance has led to the enormous ‘flow of capital andcurrencies with increasing rapidity, huge rowth of global currency speculation,offshoots trading and currency instability, and has increasingly reduced the ability of the state to control monetary and fiscal policy. In general, it hasbeen argued that in the face of economic globalization, state autonomy isconsiderably reduced, as the state becomes simply a facilitator of globalization. In particular, it is the weakening of the welfare state occurring in the wake of the globalization of economic liberalization that is seen to limit state competenceand authority all over the world. If the origins of the state had been in theprovision of security, the growth of the ‘welfare state’ in post-World War IIindustrial societies has now been well known. But the decreasing appealof Keynesian macroeconomic management in post-industrial societies (and theshift to supply-side economics) and the accompanied reduction in public provision of social services threatens the legitimacy of the state as it increasingly fundsitself with little control over the economy (as jobs, investment migrate) andunable to meet the expectations of the people for securing their prosperity. Inpost-colonial societies, the disintegration of the ‘developmentalist state’ with the increasing adoption of IMF- and World Bank-sponsored market liberalization,is also a potential threat to state legitimacy as the state is unable to deliver onpromises of basic needs provisions, as the vehicle for social justice and equalityand as the symbol of national resistance to external pressures. In many ways, this sense of the declining ‘political effectiveness’ of the contemporary state is not entirely baseless. Even if the state cannot, and perhaps nevercould, totally or effectively control economic activity within its borders, itsability to regulate such activity to an extent and its willingness to undertakeredistributive measures that raged some of the more socially evileffects of the market brought it a certain amount of legitimacy and approvalfrom large sections of the population. This expression of the nation-state, not simply as a provider of order and security, but as a provider of social (andeconomic) needs (as in education, health care, nutrition, housing as well as inensuring a certain level of employment, minimum wages, price stability, etc. )has been an important and significant development of the second half of the20th century. Even if there is increasing consensus in policy-making circlesaround the world of the efficiency of market forces and the need for marketliberalization and cut-backs in state activity in the economic kingdom, the expectationsof the population from the state tend to be more complex. Even wheremany sections of the population might be dissatisfied with the functioning ofexisting states, the initial impact of market reforms on large sections of thepopulation can be quite adverse and severe. This is evidenced, for instance, inthe cut-back of social welfare programs in advanced industrial societies on minority groups and women, as also in the adoption of IMF-imposed structuraladjustments programs on poor people and especially women in the lowereconomic classes in the developing world. The internationalization and globalization of economic activity, combined with the global spread of economic liberalization can in that sense certainly weaken the ability of the state to meet theexpectations of sections of the population, and possibly create news kinds of‘legitimacy crises’. This is not simply a practical problem for particular states, which of course it is. John Dunn points out that while the immediate appeal of the nation derives much more from the subjective force of being born in a particular setof social relations, the appeal of the state lies in its efficiency or competence, whichis much more objective. To the extent that the idea of the modern nation-stateis so closely linked to the idea of the welfare state or the developmentalist state, the effectiveness of the contemporary state depends on the ability of thestate to deliver on ‘welfare’ or ‘development’. To that extent, the decreasedcompetency of the state to deliver on those promises could create the kindsof legitimacy crises that might call into question the durability of the nation-state. Perhaps, over time, expectations of what the state can or should do willchange. Decline of a particular form of the modern state does not indicate theend of the nation-state form. As David Armstrong argues, since states are ‘social actors’ and indeed become states through ‘international socialization’,new conceptualizations of the state’s role in the national economy that emergeas a consequence of globalization may become ‘statefied’ as states reach‘ intersubjective understandings of how to restructure themselves and how tostrengthen the institutions of international society to accommodate globalization’. Nation-state legitimacy will depend on the extent on which ‘consent’coheres around new constructions of ‘national/state identity’ more in tunewith the new roles of the state. To some extent, states that have recognized the impossibility of enjoyingpolitical autonomy over economic issues have increasingly turned to non-stateentities for performing these functions more effectively. For instance, Alan Milward has argued that post-war European integration, in particular the launchof monetary union, was an attempt by many European nation-states to increasethe capacity of the state to meet the expectations of its citizens, and in doing soto ‘rescue the nation-state’ from its demise. Transfer of political authority overmonetary decision making to a supranational entity, hence losing fiscal andmonetary sovereignty, was perhaps the only way for states to ensure a certainamount of economic stability in many of the states racked by huge currencyfluctuations. In this somewhat personal analysis, the creation of supranationalentities like the European Union could in contradiction make the nation-statestronger rather than weaker. But even if the role of the state can be reduced to being the ‘agent’ ofglobalization, the state remains important for a number of other reasons. Despitethe rise of various forms of terrorism, including ‘state terrorism’, the stateretains significantmonopoly on the use of legitimate violence. The state continuesto have monopoly on taxation, is still seen as the ultimate negotiator of socialconflict, is expected to provide ‘security’ from external threats, and to performa variety of other functions. Perhaps most importantly, in the face of globalization, the state continues to be seen as the site for many to seek protection fromsome of the effects of global corporate capitalism. As Panitch points out, ‘[n]otonly is the world still very much composed of states, but insofar as there is anyeffective democracy at all in relation to the power of capitalists and bureaucratsit is still embedded in political structures that are national or sub national inscope’. The exercise of democratic control over capital takes on an even greaterimportance for Southern countries increasingly subject to IMF pressures, where the state is sometimes the only refuge against eo-imperialism. The point is that even though state legitimacy is potentially threatened by economic globalization, much depends on how state roles are reconfigured inthe face of globalization. Even if the economic limits to national politics is not anew problem for state legitimacy, the qualitative shift in economic globalization in late 20th-century capitalism, as well as the development of the nature of thecontemporary state, does change somewhat the implications for state legitimacy. In itself, the distribution of some of the functions of state to other non-state entities,whether supranational or sub national (micro-management rather than macro-managementby the state), does not threaten state legitimacy, but can in factstrengthen it. Economic globalization certainly requires different state roles, changingexpectations from the people, and new measures of state competency, butdoes not necessarily threaten the existence of the nation-state. Cultural Globalization There is also a cultural dimension to globalization that has implications for thenation-state and its future. This has more to do with issues of identity. RolandRobertson defines globalization as both ‘the compression of the world and theintensification of consciousness of the world as a whole’. While the process ofthis compression might have been occurring over a very long time, the recentgrowth of communications technology (cheap and fast air travel, telephonic andtelegraphic services, satellite media transmissions, the Internet and cyberspace)has both accelerated and deepened this process. This is a process that both brings the world together and splits the world apart simultaneously. As Stuart Hall points out, globalization at the cultural level has led to both the universalisation and the fragmentation and multiplication of identities. Robertson explainsglobalization leads to the simultaneity of ‘the particularizationof universalism (the rendering of the world as a single place) and theuniversalization of particularism (the globalized expectation that societies . . . should have distinct identities)’. In his more recent work, Robertson has offered the concept of â€Å"glocalization’’ to emphasize the simultaneity of the homogenizing and eterogenizing forces of globalization in the late 20th-century world. Keeping in mind that these two processes are simultaneous, following are theirdifferent implications for nation-states. The homogenization forces of globalization, in one sense is, the universalisation of the demand of the nation-state as an ideal cultural – political form of collective identity is itself a product of globaliz ation. The now globalised belief that nations exist and deserve their states is fairlywell accepted and forms the normative foundation for most contemporaryinternational organizations. In addition, these international organizations have served to institutionalize the form of the nation-state, and enforce a certain amount of standardization in the nation-state system. John Meyer has shown globalization in this sense serves to strengthen the nation-state. Meyer pointsout that despite the vast economic inequalities among states, there is a worldculture that creates significant isomorphism among nation-states and helpskeep this dispersed world polity together. The global system of nation-statesis based on global norms that define external and internal sovereignty, and is exemplified and reproduced through the similarity of the goals of‘equality’ and ‘progress’pursued by all nation-states. In other words, worldlevelcultural and organizationalinstructions for development and progress haveresulted in nation-state uniformity as all states follow similar objectives, policiesand programs. Connie McNeely elaborateson this concept of world culture by showing international organizations like the UN set normative and rigid standards of behavior for statepractices (increasingly conformed to by nation-states around the world), andin doing so play a role in institutionalizing the nation-state system. She specifically shows the nation-state system has been standardized and reproducedthrough the invention and spread of national income statistics, resulting fromthe efforts of UN statisticians and from the UN collection and distribution of comparative tables. At least in this sense, the homogenization force ofglobalization reproduces and continues the nation-state system, rather thanthreatens its existence. Another implication of homogenization is on globalized identities in terms of global consumer capitalism. Benjamin Barber describesthe homogenizing drives of ‘McWorld’ (or what has also been called the‘MacDonaldization’ of the world) which has created ‘commercialized’ and‘depoliticized’ world. Kenichi Ohmae describes a consumerist world in whichbrand loyalty replaces national loyalty. But this world that is homogenized by the globalization of consumption can’t erase the troublesomeness of national commitments. Corporate icons can’t provide the kind of collectiveunity that national identities provide, and this is perhaps one reason for the‘global localization’ that Ohmae points to, in which product marketing adaptsto local (often interpreted as national) conditions, or what has come to be knownas ‘micro-marketing’. But it is these depoliticized identities that also create thedrive to ‘resecure narrow identities’ so as to ‘escape McWorld’s monotonously firm essentials’. The heterogenising forces of globalization, or what Robertsondescribes as the ‘universalization of particularism’claims, in which not only has the ‘expectation of uniqueness’ become institutionalized and globally widespread, but the local and the particular itself isproduced on the basis of global norms. In other words, globalization of cultural norms has produced not just the legitimacy of the idea of the nation-state, butalso the expectation that such nation-states should embody unique and distinctidentities. This once again represents the globalization of the nationalist idea,the idea thatnation-states are legitimate because the nation is a unique, authenticcultural entity, with its singular and distinct identity. Beyer, in describingRobertson’s work, calls this the ’relativization of particularisms’, which leads to a search for particularistic identities. The globalization of this idea createsthe potential for declarations of national identity, and can ultimately create themomentum for fragmentation of existing nation-states that are somehow seen as‘inauthentic’and hence illegitimate. To the extent that such differentiationalso occurs as a response to certainhomogenizing drives of globalization,thisalso represents a success of the nationalist idea. Assertions of collective identityboth as an element of, as well as in response to, globalization is then more‘nation-producing’ than ‘nation-destroying’. This certainly is an effect of globalization that, in keeping with the argument of the last section on fragmentation,is not a threat to the nation-state but a measure of its success. The Altered Nation-State Panitch in Mittelman says, ‘globalization is authored by states and is primarily aboutreorganizing rather than bypassing them. ’ Rather than suggesting that the nation-state is fated to dissolve in the face of globalization, or that it will remainthe primary unaltered unit of international relations, there is a postulation of an ‘alteredstate’. The nation-state is said to exist now in one form, to have existed in the past inanother, and to be transforming itself actively into a third. This is a proposition that assumes a resilient but elastic nation-state, one that evolves over time, and whichbecomes more or less influential in different spheres depending on the utility of thatinfluence. One example of this ‘altered state’ thesis is that proposed by Philip Cerny, who suggests that ‘the nation-state is not dead’, although its role has changed. He envisages the transformation of the nation-state from being agoverning system concerned with welfare to being a system concerned with competition. Unsurprisingly he calls this the ‘competition state’. The competition state exists in aworld of increased fragmentation and globalization, and is characterized by a decrease ofpublic services and an increase of private services or industry. The competition state is amix of civil and business organization, and is concerned with effective returns oninvestment or effort. In the long run the ‘state is developing into an enterpriseassociation, with key civic, public and constitutional functions [†¦] subordinate to theglobal marketplace. ’ Another example of the ‘altered state’ is envisioned by Leo Panitch. Panitch thinks that ‘globalizing pressures even on advanced industrial states has led to a reorganization of the structural power relations within states [but has] not diminished therole of the state. ’ The nation-state is changing, but is not facing adisempowerment or loss of sovereignty. Indeed, Panitch would understand globalization as being written by nation-states, and the role of the state in collecting taxation,providing security, and having the monopoly of legitimate violence inside its sovereignborders as being unchanged. Globalization and alteration of the state role is an attempt to secure ‘global and domestic rights of capital’, and not aneo-medieval dissolution of the state apparatus. Conclusion There are, no doubt, a number of threats to the coherence and durability of particular existing nation-states, but that doesn’t weaken the nation-state as a historical form, as a contemporary organizing principle for collective cultural and political identity. Certainly, the severe crisis of particular nation-states, such as Afghanistan,Bosnia, Rwanda and Somalia, can generate a sense of anxiety about thefuture of the nation-state itself. Yet this sense of crisis has not seeped into acrossthe globe and most existing nation-states remain relatively stable and viabledespite the existence of various ethno-nationalist movements within them. The graph given above shows the trend of nation-state over a period of 100 years. The graph is the statistical evidence of the appeal and continuance of the nation-state system as a dominant cultural-political system. In the article which was the basis of this analysis, Saquib Karamat indicates economic globalization, cultural globalization and blurring of the national ideologies as threat to the existence of nation-states. Furthermore, he says global issues also question the sovereignty of nation-states. But as analyzed above, economic globalization and cultural globalization in fact strengthen the nation-state than weakening it. While blurring of national ideology is the contemporary issue of weak states, who in some way need to put into work a national project of nation-building to keep their territories intact. The global issues like global warming don’t question the authority of the state rather they implicate that all nations need to work in such a framework of communication which enables to reach a solution of common consent. Now, the analysis on the future of nation-state has made some points clear, that a nation need not to be only one with common descent (ethnic nations), there can also be nations who share common boundaries (demotic nation). A state, which has either ethnic nation or demotic nation, needs to be coherent in order to remain legitimate. The historical-political form of nation-state was based on one nation – one state rule. The concept of sovereignty has changed from absolute sovereignty to degrees of sovereignty and interdependence. The process of nation-building or nationalism is a tate’s tool to keep it coherent. All national identities are constructed by national elites and weak states which are facing the threat of territorial disintegration should consciously employ national labor in nation-building. The forces of fragmentation and forces of globalization which seems to put at risk the existence of nation-state system, actually strengthen nation-state as a historical f orm and are driving forces in the evolution of the nation-state as discusses above in the respective sections. So, nation-state needs to alter itself in order to remain competent system for the years to come. The necessity is evident from the change in the conceptof sovereignty. Since it has changed, nation-state should also be restructured in the face of globalization and fragmentation. Transferring some kinds of authority tosupranational entities, or devolving power downwards through decentralization are ways of coping with these changes, and can help retain state legitimacyrather than threaten it. Bibliography 1. E. K. Francis, Interethnic Relations: An Essay in Sociological Theory (New York: Elsevier, 1976). 2. Alfred Cobban, the Nation State and National Self Determination (London: HarperCollins, 1969). 3. Clifford Geertz, Old Societies and New States (New York: The Free Press, 1963); Edward Shils, â€Å"Primordial, Personal, Sacred and Civil Ties’’ , British Journal of Sociology, Vol. VIII, No. 2, (1957); Pierre Van den Berghe, â€Å"Race and Ethnicity: A Sociological Perspective’’ , Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 1, No. 4 (1978). 4. Paul Brass, â€Å"Elite Groups, Symbol Manipulation and Ethnic Identity among the Muslims of South Asia’’ , in D. Taylor and M. Yapp (eds. ), Political Identity in South Asia (London: Curzon Press,b1979); Eric Hobsbawm, â€Å"Introduction: Inventing Traditions’’ and â€Å"Mass-producing Traditions: Europen1870 – 1914’’ , in E. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger (eds. ), The Invention of Tradition (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 1 ± 14; Tom Nairn, The Break-up of Britain: Crisis and Neo-nationalism, 2ndedn (London: Verso, 1977). 5. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1983) 6. Kathryn A. Manzo, Creating Boundaries: The Politics of Race and Nation (London: Lynne Rienner, 1996) 7. TalalAsad, Genealogies of Religion (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993). 8. Robin Cohen, â€Å"Diasporas and the Nation-state: From Victims to Challengers’’ , International Affairs, Vol. 72, No. 3 (1996) 9. Ernest Mandel, Late Capitalism, Joris De Bres (trans. ) (London: NLB, 1972). 10. Andrew Linklater, Beyond Realism and Marxism: Critical Theory and International Relations New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1990). 11. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Capitalist World Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979 12. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Politics of the World Economy: The States, the Movements and the Civilizations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984). 3. Robin Murray, â€Å"The Internationalization of Capital and the Nation-state’’ , New Left Review, Vol. 67 (1971), 14. Peter Dicken, Global Shift: The Internationalization of Economic Activity, 2nd edn (New York: Guilford Press, 1992). 15. James H. Mittelman (ed. ), Globalization: Critical Reflections (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1996) 16. R. O’Brien, Global Financial Integration: The End of Geography (London: Sage, 1990 17. John Dunn (ed. ), The Economic Limits to Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990). 18. John Dunn, â€Å"Introduction: Crisis of the Nation State? ’ , Political Studies, Vol. 42, Special Issue (1994) 19. Helen Thompson, â€Å"The Nation-state and International Capital in Historical Perspective’’ , Government and Opposition, Vol. 32, No. 1 (1997) 20. Leo Panitch, â€Å"Rethinking the Role of the State’’, (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1996) 21. Roland Robertson, Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture (London: Sage, 1992) 22. Roland Robertson as quoted in Peter Beyer, Religion and Globalization (London: Sage, 1994) 23. Stuart Hall, â€Å"Cultural Identity and Diaspora’’, in Jonathan Rutherford (ed. , Identity: Community, Culture, Difference (London: Lawrence Wishart, 1990). 24. Connie L. McNeely, Constructing the Nation-state (Westport: Greenwood Pre ss, 1995). 25. Benjamin R. Barber, â€Å"Jihad Vs. McWorld’’ , The Atlantic Monthly (March 1992) 26. KemichiOhmae, The Borderless World (London: Harper Business, 1990). 27. Kofman, E. and Young, G. Globalization: Theory and Practice, (London: Pinter,1996) 28. ShampaBiswas, W(h)ither the Nation-state? National and State identity in the Face of Fragmentation and Globalization, Global society, (16 (2), Abingdon: Carfax. , 2002). How to cite Future Analysis of Nation State, Papers

Effect of Present Ubiquitous Computing System

Question: Prepare an analysis that will identify the critical challenge or problem in the organisation, discuss the underlying root causes of the problem, prepare criteria against which to weigh alternative solutions, and present the recommendations and implementation plan.? Answer: Executive Summary The purpose of this report is to demonstrate the effect of at the present ubiquitous system on association methods. It right away illuminates and explores technological advancement, its drivers, and accommodates a couple of tests of their undertaking. This consolidates technological headway like to modify recognition, confinement, and marker creative improvement that seem to have an in number effect on association strategies. In particular, association issues are communicated, where the control of remarkable taking care of creative improvement may give an answer. By then, three undertaking circumstances are acquainted with demonstrate the needs that drive the getting of these inventive advancements and to show how association strategies are impacted. An extraordinary taking care of system design is suggested that is gotten from the amassing of circumstances. This framework serves to perceive program possible results for ubicomp planning, creative progression in an association space. The record closes with some future points of view on extraordinary changing applications. Introduction The perspective of "ubiquitous computing (ubicomp)" is to viably associate the real world with its appearance in system (Fleisch, 2001). A cunning sickbed could be an outline for such a relationship, where sufferers in a restorative center could advantage by the use of ubicomp consistently. The wise sickbed knows the affected person who can be found in it and his or her wellbeing establishment. An expert can approach the sickbed for the wellbeing establishment of the affected individual and can incorporate his or her treatment. On the off chance that the pharmaceutical, blood bottles or essentially the sustenance takes a swing at the sickbed, it can investigate using the wellbeing establishment whether these things are affirmed with the procedure to this single individual. In the situation that an off course thing should be given to the affected individual, the sickbed would exhort the wellbeing professional (Mattern, 2001). An automatic stock organization can be associated if every part in a plant passes on a notice to the technological office control program in case it goes into or achieves the generation line. The progression of warehouse management systems (WMS) is much the same as that of various diverse applications. At first a venture to control activities and storage space of portions inside a modern office, the some bit of WMS is creating to, for instance, light creation, transport control, appeal control, and complete accounts systems. To use the basic operations-related application, MRP, as an evaluation, MRP started as an undertaking for arranging unrefined substance determinations in a creation air. A little while later MRP progressed into MRPII, which took the key MRP program and included planning and potential get prepared considering. Consistently MRPII progressed into ERP, organizing all the MRPII executions with full budgetary records and client and source control execution. Instantly, whether WMS changing into a stockroom focused ERP framework is a staggering thing or not is needy upon trade. What is clear is that the progression of the spread in execution between Warehouse Management Systems, Business Source Planning, Submission Requirements Planning, Supply Chain Planning, Transportation Management Systems, Innovative Planning and Scheduling, and Manufacturing Performance Systems will simply grow the level of blunders among associations hunting down applications for their abilities (A. Thede, 2001). Despite the fact that WMS is constantly on the increment included execution, the initial guideline execution of a WMS has not by any methods changed. The essential focus of a WMS is to control the activity and space for limit of fragments inside a limit and framework the related dealings. Instructed picking, facilitated restoration, and composed set away are the best approach to WMS. The specific foundation and dealing with inside a WMS can shift altogether beginning with one item source, then onto the following; however the vital intuition will use a mixture of thing, range, total, contraption of evaluate, and purchase information to understand where to stock, where to pick, and in what plan to execute these limits. In this report, the attention is on successful and genuine illustrations or representations of XYZ Organization, which is taking a shot at WMS, since such depictions are the base for a physical examination. This report reveals in the XYZ Organization, which association methods are influenced and how they are encountering ubicomp technological improvement. Developing a determination of undertaking cases, which depend on upon ubicomp technological improvement, an ubicomp technique, setup is recommended that clears up a structure of association frameworks to have the ability to see program possible results. Statement of the Problem XYZ Organization encounters a persisting necessity for movement to be productive. New creative improvement can be used for powerful purpose of investment and allow new things and organizations. There are still various issues that can't be settled absolutely with standard IT frameworks like ERP or e-business methods. Press squashes, human oversights, and late purposes of investment are the paramount purposes behind issues in the unpretentious components stream of associations. The XYZ Organization encounters a couple of issues related to their supply chains (Mayer, 1999). These issues can waste up to 25 percent of an association's working cost. The insufficient synchronization between material course and purposes of investment stream realizes the assumed bull-whip-sway (H. L. Lee, 1997). The repercussions are wealth amassing or stock outs. Along these lines, the overwhelming piece of associations keeps up unnecessary wellbeing shares. Analysis of the causes of the problem At present, it creates the impression that in XYZ Organization, three ubicomp advancements have a brief and exceedingly effective impact on association systems. Those are computerized conspicuous evidence, confinement, and significant development. Using this information, XYZ Organization can inspect if a medicine has gotten the nearby time of your time, if it is qualified with the drugs in its assembling and it can highlight the patient to take in the pills. Delineation is an additional part, which knows its position inside the offer course of action. At the going with, the real advancement will be portrayed from a particular point of view. Automatic Identification It is a creative advancement that is consistently used to recognize things or movement units (Yokose, 1999). Customary Auto-ID systems are bar standard, RFID, sharp card, and one of kind imprint routines (Finkenzeller, 2010). Two assignments are fundamental in the recognition process for every Auto-ID structure: getting an external confirmation from the endeavor that should be perceived and perceiving that sign by a systematic examination (AIM, 2015). "Barcode systems" can be seen as the most basic Auto-ID mechanical progression for thing recognition. Every territory has its own bar rule requirements, in the same route as the Worldwide Item Code or the European Article Number Code in the retail space. A typical bar code on an item can keep information of roughly 10 bytes. Later two-dimensional scanner, label scanners can store information of 1000 bytes (BarCode 1, 2013). Localization In most of the cases, it is close by automated recognition, since the isolated spot unobtrusive components is frequently lacking without the recognizing confirmation of the masterminded endeavor. The area is a basic constraint methodology, where we-fit and convenient openness variables are managed (Hightower, 2001). If an element can be perceived inside a flexible, such a system can understand that the endeavor must be in the proximity of the known spot of the accompanying structure. Area can moreover be in the perspective of other Auto-ID systems, in the same path as sharp cards issuer: if a sagacious card has been recognized and the sport of the savvy cards gathering of spectators is known, then it can be contemplated that the proprietor of the brilliant cards must have been at this spot (J. Hightower, 2001) (Domnitcheva, 2001). Sensor Technology Assorted sensors are temperature, sound, visual, infrared, seismic, or magnetic to screen circumstances like temperature, moistness, vehicle activity, super circumstances, weight, ground beautifiers, confusion orchestrates, the region or nonattendance of particular sorts of things, specifically nervousness composes on associated things or current characteristics, for instance, speed, bearing, and estimation a thing. Specific changes in MEMS oversees machines in the nanometer scale, moreover influences the setup of new receptors that are getting more diminutive in estimation and use less power (I.F. Akyildiz, 2002). Other Analysis Stood out from the internet or intranet, ubicomp tasks secure new considers sum and quality. Maybe, there are open a more prominent number of things than PC systems and the purposes of investment exchange address physical things. Decisions that are starting now being prescribed for the online division must be modified for the usage in the ubicomp zone. Security subjects endeavor to secure affiliation hyperlinks concerning comfort, faithful quality, and legitimacy. Security considers similarly consolidating assent, commitment, and non-renouncement. In a relationship, comfort can be portrayed as the instance of a solitary individual to control the technique of unpretentious components decision, stockpiling, directing and apportionment concerning his or her private purposes of investment. Assurance of the customers and keeping the supervising of the customers' purposes of investment clear for them are frameworks that course of action with this issue (Stajano, 2002). For the transportation of things, various transportation models are used. Colossal quantities of them are recyclable. The work of such sources tends to be insufficient without element organization. Searching for lost things is time -consuming without finding structures. In befuddled stocks, lost things will be simply found in the midst of stocktaking, which realizes "dead stock". The supervising of nonessential or risky things, e.g., blood bottles or substances, needs phenomenal wellbeing measures. Wrong temperature ranges or weight conditions can incite mischief of things. Oversights in the collecting of XYZ Organization become indulgent if they are not seen instantly. This can happen if taking over and attestation of the change system is lacking. By virtue of remembering, influenced things frequently can't be seen, in light of the fact that individual information on thing reason is losing. When in doubt, it is troublesome or hard to just see things. This helps robbery and copying. All things considered, influenced things are CDs, electronic contraptions, additional items, or honed steel rotor dangerously sharp edges, among others. This rundown of association issues could without a doubt be drawn out. Ubicomp imaginative advancement, in the same path as automatic recognition, impediment, and pointer mechanical headway are impending possibility to get over these issues. Right when XYZ Organization plans to look at an alternate inventive headway, they have to know the affiliation affects early. These effects are fundamentally seen by central focuses and expense. The hotspot for the central focuses can be depicted in a general way. In the field of ubicomp, resources for purposes of investment are the repugnance of press squashes between the actual and the propelled globe, the thought of "splendid things", and the sponsorship for versatility. The shirking of press smashes holds the wanted to improve the execution of association system through mechanized. A moved level of procedure automated results in humble since less individual commitment is obliged and particular failures are cleared. Care demonstrates that things have the ability to offer data about their present and past perspective. The choices that impact the thing can be made at the thing itself. For example, a blade holder can pick whether it is saved reliably at the right warmth range. It can be requested whether it was kept at the right warmth range. In a custom framework, it must be ensured that thermometers are reliably around for outside after. These thermometers must be investigated eventually every time the blood bottle changes its region. This framework is repetitive; botch slanted, and does not offer a fitting procedure for evaluating the actual nature of the blood bottle. In the same way, ubicomp imaginative advancement can have effects on various distinctive frameworks in XYZ Organization. For example, if there is constant information about things in the give gathering available, collecting, arranging could be enhanced and mixed bags in the give lessened. At last, this could bring about to a completely automated thing pushed give progression. As shown by client purchases and give under way, a keen plant could ask for the obliged stock from the suppliers or some spot is where the obliged domains are available. XYZ Organization uses quantitative examination to survey business sways. RTO and TCO are such parameters. To perform the estimations, it is vital to elucidate purposes of investment and cost in inconspicuous components, which are affected by the use of ubicomp strategies. Cost can be investigated in enhance as demonstrated by the used ubicomp structure. A parcel of the central focuses must be approximated to a certain level. For example, it is possible to comprehend the amount of quality positive circumstances, if all slips could be ousted from creation; it is unreasonable to exactly understand the upgrade of the thing arrangements in light of the most essential thing quality. Decision criteria and alternative solutions Procedure designs are used to evaluate and enhance affiliation exercises in XYZ Company. Momentous is the quality progression thought of Porter (Porter, 1998). To go down systems using IT, they must be dead set in more unpretentious components. Most affiliation application activities like ERP routines endorse their own specific approach reference diagrams. As an introductory stage in this direction, the ubicomp methodology design sees exercises and exercises that can be fortified by ubicomp imaginative progress. It exhibits a way to associate the possibilities of the inventive progress to affiliation frameworks, in like manner abstracting from the actual and specific technical workplaces (Thomas Aidan Curran, 1999). The ubicomp procedure framework uses four fundamental quirks that change actual things into "splendid articles". They give unprecedented recognition, imprisonment, besides certifiable position unobtrusive components reliant on their genuine perspective. Identification is used most periodically as a piece of activities nearby the other crucial tricks. The accompanying work identifies with real position unpretentious components figured by receptors. Besides, it gives a past loaded with past guidelines. The accompanying work addresses the object's spot. It gives the current spot and the best spots of a thing. Checking and taking after organizations can be given by things that are aware of their perspective (ECR, 2013). The notice work engages shrewd things to pass on purposes of investment if a committed event has happened. The relating principles can be considered as the affiliation thinking about the savvy thing and it gives the thought that choices are delivered utilizing the things themselves. Events are considering spot data, the position of a thing, or unpretentious components got from other insightful things. In case the temperature of a blood container surpasses a predestined worth, a notice for the cooler, where it exists, could be incited. On the off chance that the issue moves ahead with, the notice may be sent to a master. Adroit apparatus has the ability to take exercises: the fridge decreases the temperature range or it may perform checks to oneself. XYZ Company uses IT strategies to have the ability to enhance their systems. Commonly, associations embody four macro procedures: SCM, CRM, the moving process, and obliging techniques. Each of these macro systems can be depicted by different exercises or more specific exercises. For example, SCM: It incorporates each one of those exercises in XYZ Company which are associated with moving items from the unrefined material stage to the end customer. This consolidates searching for and getting, era engineering, purchase dealing with, stock control, transport, and warehousing. Current standard affiliation application logically tends to help all exercises of a development. There are still endeavors or single exercises that are not authentically sustained by existing IT methodology. Ubicomp mechanical advancement can be joined with redesign the execution of those errands. The ubicomp strategy, design sees those undertakings where ubicomp activities hold a high potential. Conclusion, implementation and justification Ubicomp technological progression allows an enormous number of new ventures having an effect on affiliation procedures. This file concentrated on tasks that can be seen with today's technological headway and have a supportive affiliation affect in XYZ Company. Regardless, it should moreover have been able to be clear that the capacity of ubicomp technological advancement will increase later on. For example, an extra part can be checked from the change, through the distinctive settlement levels, to the end customer. To accomplish such an incessant joint effort all through the give gathering, a remarkable workplace and middleware is imperative. This contains fragment components like the thing, which connects with the thing, and the contraptions in the surroundings, which can interface with their alternatives on the things. Programming components embody schedules and "tongues" for the association. The Internet division gives open necessities like TCP/IP and XML. Such a normal ubicomp wo rkplace, in light of creating imaginative progression and necessities, would allow a couple of activities, which from today's viewpoint are more experienced. An alternate thought in the ubicomp range is the record of things that can tell some individual who it was, what was in its district, and what struck it. This idea can be important in assorted circumstances in XYZ Company. Finishing, it can be said that the usage of ubicomp technological improvement can be productive in a matter of seconds in a couple of activities starting now, and it can be foreseen that the change in creative headway and the loss of cost lead to more and more new program circumstances. Reviewing today's undertakings and the needs that create associations to look at ubicomp technological headway, may give thoughts how pending ventures could look like. The ubicomp affiliation approach diagram that has been pulled in this document can be used as spot to start to see where ubicomp technological headway has an effect on associations. Upgrading it and making some more experienced circumstances is liable to further research. References Thede, A. S. (2001). Integration of Goods Delivery Supervision into Ecommerce Supply Chain. Second International Workshop, (pp. 16-17). Heidelberg. (2015). AIM - Association for Automatic Identification and Mobility. Retrieved March 9, 2015, from https://www.aimglobal.org/ BarCode 1. (2013, June 25). Bar Code 1 Homepage - A Web of Information About Bar Code. Retrieved March 9, 2015, from BarCode 1: https://www.barcode-1.net/ Domnitcheva, S. (2001). Location Modeling: State of the Art and Challenges, Location Modeling for Ubiquitous Computing Workshop at Ubicomp. (2013, March 7). Sustainability Best Practices. Retrieved March 9, 2015, from https://www.ecr-all.org/ Finkenzeller, K. (2010). RFID Handbook: Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards, Radio Frequency Identification and Near-Field Communication. Wiley: New York. Fleisch, E. (2001). Business Perspectives on Ubiquitous Computing. Gallen, Switzerland: University of St. Gallen. L. Lee, V. P. (1997). The Bullwhip Effect in Supply Chains. Massachusetts: Sloan Management Review. Hightower, J. (2001). Location Sensing Techniques. Washington: University of Washington, Computer Science and Engineering. F. Akyildiz, W. S. (2002). Wireless sensor networks: a survey. Computer Networks , 393-422. Hightower, G. B. (2001). Location Systems for Ubiquitous Computing. IEEE Computer magazine , 57-66. Mattern, F. (2001). The Vision and Foundations of Ubiquitous Computing. Upgrade , 2-6. Mayer, S. (1999). Erfolgsfaktoren fr das Supply Chain Management nach der Jahrtausendwende. Berlin: Schmidt. Porter, M. E. (1998). Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. New York: Free Press. 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