Mixed Lineage Leukemia ( Mll ) - 1788 Words

Introduction Mixed lineage leukemia (Mll) are a family of catalytic enzymes in humans which contain a highly conserved SET domain required for their full catalytic activity (Dehe et al 2015). These family of proteins are involved in regulating gene expression by methylation of the 4th Lysine residue on H3 histones. So far, 6 different types of Mll family proteins have been identified in humans one of which is Mll1 (Morgan and Shilatifard 2013). The high number of Mll subunits observed in higher Eukaryotes is believed to be the result of high demand for regulating H3K4 methylation at chromatins (Zhang et al 2015). Mll1, the most studied member of these Mll family, is an enzyme in humans coded by KMT2A gene located on chromosome 11 (Zhang et†¦show more content†¦This demonstrates the urgency and need to study these family of proteins in effort to treat mixed lineage leukemia better. However, the large number of subunits and higher complexity of these family of proteins hinder the direct study of these proteins. Set1 is a yeast enzyme that is part of a large protein complex called COMPASS which also include Mll1 (Roguev et al 2001). Like Mll1, it also consist a highly conserved SET domain which 2 as catalytic role (Stassen et al., 1995; Laible et al., 1997). Moreover, these proteins share a similar function of regulating gene expression by mono-, di-, and tri-methylation of H3K4 (Amanika et al 2008). Thus, there exists a remarkable homology between Set1 and Mll1 proteins which allows indirect studies of Mll1 proteins. This is more ideal as Set1 is the only H3K4 methyl transferase in S.cerevisae which tremendously eliminate the complexity (Briggs et al 2001). In addition, loss of H3K4 methylation in S.cerevisae triggers apoptosis which allows better visualization of phenotypic growth differences (Walter et al 2014). Thus, studying Set1 can give important insight about Mll1 proteins and their mechanisms of action in causing leukemia. Set1 methyltransferases play an important role in gene silencing at silent chromatin regions of S.cerevisae. Silent chromatin regions are found at telomeres, HM loci (HML and HMR), and rDNA which are associated with low levels of transcription (Smith et al 1997). In previous

Future Analysis of Nation State Free Essays

string(57) " which culture has to be invented by nationalist elites\." Future Analysis of The Nation-State System Introduction: It is common to hear of the threats to the nation-state system in the contemporary world. Such threats seem to originate from many different quarters, at different level of the global system. This impending sense that the nation-state is somehow in â€Å"crisis† led to analyze the question of â€Å"the contemporary crisis of the nation-state? † But before we go into the analysis, it is important to look into the ideas that would help to understand the case, under discussion, in a better way. We will write a custom essay sample on Future Analysis of Nation State or any similar topic only for you Order Now To begin with, let’s see the definition of nation, state and the nation-state system, according to the context under discussion. Nation According to the Oxford English dictionary, the word nation literally means, community of people having mainly common descent, history, language, etc or forming sovereign state or inhabiting territory. From the above definition, there are two kinds of nations, the ethnic nation (community with common descent) and demotic nation (community with common territorial boundaries). E. K. Francis draws a distinction between ‘ethnic’ nations that are based on belief in common descent and a sense of solidarity and common identity, and ‘demotic’ nations that are based on shared administrative and military institutions, common territorial boundaries for protection and the mobility of goods and people. This is similar to the distinction often made between ‘cultural nations’, based on criteria such as language, customs, religion and the ‘political nations’, that are more contractual and derive from shared institutions, shared citizenship and a sense of shared history. State According to Oxford English dictionary, state literally means, political community under one government. This means a community which is coherent with the government of the state obeys the government with its own will, making government responsible for it. It is the political organization of the people under one government. Nation-State System The nation-state system is traditionally, an amalgamation of ‘nation’ (one people) with ‘state’ (one government). If one were to imagine an abstract image of the globe one would see gridlines. These lines mark off different nation-states. Each one is separate from the others and sovereign inside its defined and unmoving borders. These nation-states interact with each other, be it through war or trade in a relationship that is theoretically simple. Each nation-state is ‘equal’ in terms of having sovereignty (self-determination) and the sole right to use legitimate force inside its own borders. This modern nation-state system came into existence with the treaty of Westphalia, 1648. In international system, ‘low’ politics of trade and business and temporary agreement of MNCs, IGO and INGOs are less important than that of ‘high’ politics the nation-state, with its role of protecting its sovereignty from the attack and of maintaining stability inside its borders. Today, there are more than 200 nation-states in the world. Nation-State as a Historical-Political Form The ideal articulation of ‘nation’ as a form of cultural community and the‘State’ as a territorial, political unit is now widely accepted and often taken as unproblematic. Yet scholars of nationalism point out that that was not alwaysthe case. That every nation deserves its autonomy and identity through its ownsovereign state (even though many may not demand it) is an ideal that manytrace to the French Revolution. As Cobban points out, whereas before the FrenchRevolution there had been no necessary connection between the state as a political unit and the nation as a cultural one, it became possible and desirablesince then to think of a combination of these two in a single conception of the nation-state. That this still remains an ‘ideal’ and one vastly unrealized, as inthe existence of several â€Å"multi-national’’ states, is also largely recognized, although much of international relations theory fails to follow through on the implications of that ‘reality’. Concept of Sovereignty The meaning and concept of sovereignty has assumed many different shapes. Moreover, it has frequently changed its content,its laws and even its functions during the modern period. Hugo Grotius, in his famous work De Jure Belli ac Pacis: Sovereignty is ‘that power whose acts †¦ may not be void by the acts of other human will. Other political theorists have, in general, given similar definitions. Oppenheim: ‘Sovereignty is supreme authority, an authority which is independent of any other earthly authority. ’ Willoughby:‘Sovereignty is the supreme will of the state. ’ Various writers on political theory have insisted that every le gally recognized state by definition is sovereign. It is simply a reminder that just as every state is legally equal to any other, so it is legally sovereign. But if we see the contemporary interaction of states with reference to above definition, we would definitely conclude that the concept of sovereignty has again changed. The concept of absolute sovereignty has become obsolete and has been replaced by the concept of relative sovereignty/authority and interdependence. Just as in real world, some states are bigger in size, power and influence than others just like that sovereignty of the states has become relative. It must be recognized that there are now degrees of sovereignty and self-determination. Only sovereignty left with states is legal sovereignty. Except it every other aspect of the state is relative or dependent on intrastate and interstate factors. Concept of Nationalism Nationalism is the patriotic feeling for one’s nation or country. Professor Louis L. Snyder defines nationalism as ‘a product of political, economic, social and intellectual factors at a certain stage in history, is a condition of mind, feeling or sentiment of a group of people living in a well-define geographical area, speaking a common language, possessing a literature in which the aspirations of the nation have been expressed, attached to common traditions and common customs, venerating its own heroes, and in some cases having a common religion. Some point out that the political nations are based more on ‘civic’ nationalism, as opposed to the ‘ethnic’ nationalism characteristic of the cultural nations. These observations are based on two popular theories of nationalism. Primordialists’ approach the extent to which culture exists as a given resource for the constitution of nationsand instrumentalist’ approach, the extent to which culture has to be invented by nationalist elites. You read "Future Analysis of Nation State" in category "Papers" The primordialist approach, evident in the early work of Geertz, Shils and in the socio-biological theory of Van den Berghe, argues that ethnic and cultural attachments are pre-givens, or at least assumed givens, and appear ‘natural’ to members of a group. As against this, the instrumentalist approach, evidenced to varying degrees in the works of Brass, Hobsbawm and Nairn, argues that ethnic attachments are often invented and manipulated by elites to construct the nation as a privileged source of a group’s loyalty. I’m of the view that all national identities are constructed as dictated by the instrumentalist theory. In other words, there are no ‘natural’ nationalities. There is no a priori manner in which peoples can be made into nations. It is the work ofnationalism to construct or produce a ‘nation’. In the words of BenedictAnderson, the nation has to be ‘imagined’. Nations are imagined ‘because themembers of even the smallest nation will never know most of their fellow members,meet them, or even hear of them, yet in the minds of each livesthe image of their communion. It is through nationalist ideology that thiscommunion is constructed. Anderson traces the development of nationalism to the development of print-capitalism, which helped to produce and disseminatea common culture to ground the national imagination. 18 Regardless of what basisis used to ground this communion, nations are ultimately based on what EtienneBalibar has called `â₠¬â„¢fictive ethnicities’. It is the work of nationalist ideology to ‘ethnicize’’ a community. It is through the representational labor of nationalist ideology that a community is constructed as if it formed a natural communionwith its unique and singular origin and destiny. ‘Nation building’ hasalways been a project of the state as well and the widespread existence of globalnorms on sovereignty and self-determination (and the continuing appeal of theideal of the ‘nation-state’) now ensure that existing states themselves have toengage to some extent in attempts at nation building. In other words, it is notsimply that nations often seek and demand states, but states need nations as well. These efforts of nation building are more evident and stark at times of crisis such as war,but in reality are always in existence in more subtle ways through various statepolicies and programs, as well as through the ideological state apparatusesin civil society. In that sense state building and nation building have become simultaneousand symbiotic processes. Yet for analytical purposes it is perhaps better not toconfuse these two processes because, even if the ends they seek are somewhatsimilar or complementary, the processes remain somewhat different. State buildingoccurs through the penetration and integration of the territorial economy,polity and society and speaks to questions of political authority and effectivegovernance. Nation building is the construction of a cohesive cultural communitythat can demand citizen loyalty and commitment. As it is shownin the nextsection, the fragmentation of nation-states refers tonation building, and inparticular to the inability of the state to build cohesive nations, while those that point to the effects of globalization on weakening the nation-state often (but notexclusively) refer to problems with state building. Challenges to The Nation-State Forces of Fragmentation The authority of the nation-state depends to a large extent on its consistency,unity and stability in the eyes of its public or, in other words, of the ability ofthe state to project a united nation. The imagined nations, as Anderson pointsout, present themselves as ‘communities’,‘because regardless of the actualinequality and exploitation that may prevail in each, the nation is alwaysconceived as a deep, horizontal comradeship’’. Part of the project of the state is to seekconsent from its citizens as to the depth and equality of that comradeship. Yetthe national space has many differences and conflicts – among ethnicities, races, religious groups, classes, genders, etc. Each of those differences threatens the coherence and unity of the national fabric. Most of the literature on fragmentation focuses on ethnic (and religious) conflicts within existing states. Nationbuilding requires that such ethnic and religious conflicts are effectively controlledby the state. Even though ‘assimilation’ has been an acknowledged goal of many states historically, Talal Asad has pointed out that hegemonic power worksnot so much through suppressing differences by homogenization, as throughdifferentiating and marginalizing. The ‘nation’ in projects of the state does notrepresent a singular cultural space so much as a hierarchy of cultural spaces. What RudolfoStavenhagen calls an ‘ethnocratic state’- a nation-state controlledessentially by a majority or dominant ethnie, able to exercise cultural hegemonyover the rest of the ation – is the rule rather than the exception in the modernsystem of nation-states. The success of nation-building depends on the extentto which the state is able to secure a broad measure of ‘consent’ on thishierarchy. The national project requires the construction of what Asad calls a‘cultural core’ that becomes the ‘essence’ of ‘the nation’. A t the most basiclevel, fragmentation occurs when the state is no longer (if ever) able to effectivelysecure consent on this cultural core. States have a variety of available means to meet the demands of ethnic and religious groups within their borders. To the extent that assimilation is no longerconsidered possible or effective, or even desirable, states can and do makeattempts to accommodate such demands through various political and institutionalmechanisms. Regardless of how determined and well organized thosedemands are, which might make a polity quite unstable in certain situations,fragmentation refers more specifically to situations where such demands arelinked with claims to territory. Or using Oomen’s definition, it is when an ethnic group establishes a moral claim to territory within a state thatone can speak of sub nationalisms, or what are sometimes called ethno nationalisms. Many states that are classified as nation-states within international relationshave always been such multi-national states – like in India where different ethnicand linguistic groups are regionally organized on the basis of claims to territory,or as in the case of the Scots and Welsh within Britain. Such moral claims toterritory might not necessarily generate separatist movements. But it is the existence of such sub nationalisms thatcreates the possibility of the fragmentation of the nation-state. Ultimately, thiscan be a crisis of the nation-state because such nationalisms threaten to fragmentone of the central bases of state sovereignty -the territorial integrity of the existingnation-state. Or maybe the civic (more than the cultural) nationalism of manymodern states makes the nation-state (unlike ethnicity or religion), simply toolarge, amorphous and psychically distant to be the object of intimate affection. The point here is that fragmentation occurs and is occurring rapidly in theworld, as evidenced in Bosnia, Rwanda, Spain, Ethiopia, Sri Lanka, Canada, toname a very few geographically diverse examples. Fragmentation occurs whenthere is a disarticulation between the state as a spatial unit (with fixed territory)with the spatial claims of the nation(s) in whose name(s) it speaks. The ultimate concern with fragmentation, as I mentioned above, is that itthreatens the territorial integrity of existing nation-states. But as IstvanHont points out, even though there might be legitimate grounds for concern over theterritorial integrity of contemporary states devolving into smaller territorialunits, this should be seen as a ‘triumph’ rather than a ‘crisis’of the nation-state. Fragmentation is a threat to the existence of particular states, rather thanthe system of nation-states. It represents the failure of particular states to holdon to the ‘spatiality’ (both geopolitically and culturally) of their claims toauthority. But in more general terms, fragmentation represents the success ofthe ideal of the nation-state – that every nation deserves its own state. This seemsmore obvious in the case of the end of empire and its dissolution into independentpolities each claiming the title of nation-state, first in the post-World War II eraof decolonization, and more recently in the break-up of the Soviet Union andthe Eastern bloc countries. Forces of Globalization The effects of globalization on the nation-state are a bit more complex. Forces outside the nation-state can hold back, enable and influence the nation-state in a variety of ways. For the purposes of this discussion, I classify theseforces into two groups – forces of economic globalization and forces of culturalglobalization, although the two are quite closely related in many ways. Economic Globalization The development of thefield of international political economy (IPE) has pointedout thatexclusive focus on the nation-state as a unit of analysis can be inadequate inunderstanding the dimensions of economic activity in the modern world. Some approaches within IPE, such as Interdependence, Regime and HegemonicStability Theories continue to be state-centric. But that is not the case with anumber of other approaches. Marxist approaches in particular have been dividedover the question of the role of the state. This division has been over thequestion of the extent to which the supranational character of the capitalistmode of production restricts all modern state structures versus the extent to which the state plays a direct role in promoting the internationalization ofcapital. Exemplifying the former perspective, Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory was based on the ontological dominance of the world capitalist system,based on a single division of labor between the core, peripheral and semi peripheralregions of the world. Even though Wallerstein recognized the significance of nation-states in the modern world, in his analysis the essentials ofmarket exchange at the international level reduced state autonomy so much sothat nation-states were but super structuralattachments helping in the reproductionof the modern global capitalist system. But other scholars who have lookedat the internationalization of capital have stressed how the state continues toplay a role in the reproduction of capitalism. Robin Murray has pointed out thatas capital extends beyond its national borders, the historical link that bound itto its particular domestic state no longer necessarily holds. But the domestic stateis not territorially limited in its activities, and it might well ‘follow’ its capital and perform the critical ‘economic roles’ that it has always played in thereproduction of capitalism. The gradual shift from multinational corporations towards more transnational corporations or from the internationalization of economic activity (aseconomic activity spreads across state borders) towards the globalization ofeconomic activity (which involves a more purposefulcombination of economicactivity spread globally) also limits state capacity to control and influencedomestic national economies and thus weakens state authority over its nationalspace. This is what Mittelman has called ‘the spatial reorganization of production, the interpenetration of industries across borders [and] the spread of financial markets’. The spatial reorganization of production has been accompanied by changes in the international division of labor, which has includedamong other changes the feminization of certain kinds of labor. The globalization of international finance has led to the enormous ‘flow of capital andcurrencies with increasing rapidity, huge rowth of global currency speculation,offshoots trading and currency instability, and has increasingly reduced the ability of the state to control monetary and fiscal policy. In general, it hasbeen argued that in the face of economic globalization, state autonomy isconsiderably reduced, as the state becomes simply a facilitator of globalization. In particular, it is the weakening of the welfare state occurring in the wake of the globalization of economic liberalization that is seen to limit state competenceand authority all over the world. If the origins of the state had been in theprovision of security, the growth of the ‘welfare state’ in post-World War IIindustrial societies has now been well known. But the decreasing appealof Keynesian macroeconomic management in post-industrial societies (and theshift to supply-side economics) and the accompanied reduction in public provision of social services threatens the legitimacy of the state as it increasingly fundsitself with little control over the economy (as jobs, investment migrate) andunable to meet the expectations of the people for securing their prosperity. Inpost-colonial societies, the disintegration of the ‘developmentalist state’ with the increasing adoption of IMF- and World Bank-sponsored market liberalization,is also a potential threat to state legitimacy as the state is unable to deliver onpromises of basic needs provisions, as the vehicle for social justice and equalityand as the symbol of national resistance to external pressures. In many ways, this sense of the declining ‘political effectiveness’ of the contemporary state is not entirely baseless. Even if the state cannot, and perhaps nevercould, totally or effectively control economic activity within its borders, itsability to regulate such activity to an extent and its willingness to undertakeredistributive measures that raged some of the more socially evileffects of the market brought it a certain amount of legitimacy and approvalfrom large sections of the population. This expression of the nation-state, not simply as a provider of order and security, but as a provider of social (andeconomic) needs (as in education, health care, nutrition, housing as well as inensuring a certain level of employment, minimum wages, price stability, etc. )has been an important and significant development of the second half of the20th century. Even if there is increasing consensus in policy-making circlesaround the world of the efficiency of market forces and the need for marketliberalization and cut-backs in state activity in the economic kingdom, the expectationsof the population from the state tend to be more complex. Even wheremany sections of the population might be dissatisfied with the functioning ofexisting states, the initial impact of market reforms on large sections of thepopulation can be quite adverse and severe. This is evidenced, for instance, inthe cut-back of social welfare programs in advanced industrial societies on minority groups and women, as also in the adoption of IMF-imposed structuraladjustments programs on poor people and especially women in the lowereconomic classes in the developing world. The internationalization and globalization of economic activity, combined with the global spread of economic liberalization can in that sense certainly weaken the ability of the state to meet theexpectations of sections of the population, and possibly create news kinds of‘legitimacy crises’. This is not simply a practical problem for particular states, which of course it is. John Dunn points out that while the immediate appeal of the nation derives much more from the subjective force of being born in a particular setof social relations, the appeal of the state lies in its efficiency or competence, whichis much more objective. To the extent that the idea of the modern nation-stateis so closely linked to the idea of the welfare state or the developmentalist state, the effectiveness of the contemporary state depends on the ability of thestate to deliver on ‘welfare’ or ‘development’. To that extent, the decreasedcompetency of the state to deliver on those promises could create the kindsof legitimacy crises that might call into question the durability of the nation-state. Perhaps, over time, expectations of what the state can or should do willchange. Decline of a particular form of the modern state does not indicate theend of the nation-state form. As David Armstrong argues, since states are ‘social actors’ and indeed become states through ‘international socialization’,new conceptualizations of the state’s role in the national economy that emergeas a consequence of globalization may become ‘statefied’ as states reach‘ intersubjective understandings of how to restructure themselves and how tostrengthen the institutions of international society to accommodate globalization’. Nation-state legitimacy will depend on the extent on which ‘consent’coheres around new constructions of ‘national/state identity’ more in tunewith the new roles of the state. To some extent, states that have recognized the impossibility of enjoyingpolitical autonomy over economic issues have increasingly turned to non-stateentities for performing these functions more effectively. For instance, Alan Milward has argued that post-war European integration, in particular the launchof monetary union, was an attempt by many European nation-states to increasethe capacity of the state to meet the expectations of its citizens, and in doing soto ‘rescue the nation-state’ from its demise. Transfer of political authority overmonetary decision making to a supranational entity, hence losing fiscal andmonetary sovereignty, was perhaps the only way for states to ensure a certainamount of economic stability in many of the states racked by huge currencyfluctuations. In this somewhat personal analysis, the creation of supranationalentities like the European Union could in contradiction make the nation-statestronger rather than weaker. But even if the role of the state can be reduced to being the ‘agent’ ofglobalization, the state remains important for a number of other reasons. Despitethe rise of various forms of terrorism, including ‘state terrorism’, the stateretains significantmonopoly on the use of legitimate violence. The state continuesto have monopoly on taxation, is still seen as the ultimate negotiator of socialconflict, is expected to provide ‘security’ from external threats, and to performa variety of other functions. Perhaps most importantly, in the face of globalization, the state continues to be seen as the site for many to seek protection fromsome of the effects of global corporate capitalism. As Panitch points out, ‘[n]otonly is the world still very much composed of states, but insofar as there is anyeffective democracy at all in relation to the power of capitalists and bureaucratsit is still embedded in political structures that are national or sub national inscope’. The exercise of democratic control over capital takes on an even greaterimportance for Southern countries increasingly subject to IMF pressures, where the state is sometimes the only refuge against eo-imperialism. The point is that even though state legitimacy is potentially threatened by economic globalization, much depends on how state roles are reconfigured inthe face of globalization. Even if the economic limits to national politics is not anew problem for state legitimacy, the qualitative shift in economic globalization in late 20th-century capitalism, as well as the development of the nature of thecontemporary state, does change somewhat the implications for state legitimacy. In itself, the distribution of some of the functions of state to other non-state entities,whether supranational or sub national (micro-management rather than macro-managementby the state), does not threaten state legitimacy, but can in factstrengthen it. Economic globalization certainly requires different state roles, changingexpectations from the people, and new measures of state competency, butdoes not necessarily threaten the existence of the nation-state. Cultural Globalization There is also a cultural dimension to globalization that has implications for thenation-state and its future. This has more to do with issues of identity. RolandRobertson defines globalization as both ‘the compression of the world and theintensification of consciousness of the world as a whole’. While the process ofthis compression might have been occurring over a very long time, the recentgrowth of communications technology (cheap and fast air travel, telephonic andtelegraphic services, satellite media transmissions, the Internet and cyberspace)has both accelerated and deepened this process. This is a process that both brings the world together and splits the world apart simultaneously. As Stuart Hall points out, globalization at the cultural level has led to both the universalisation and the fragmentation and multiplication of identities. Robertson explainsglobalization leads to the simultaneity of ‘the particularizationof universalism (the rendering of the world as a single place) and theuniversalization of particularism (the globalized expectation that societies . . . should have distinct identities)’. In his more recent work, Robertson has offered the concept of â€Å"glocalization’’ to emphasize the simultaneity of the homogenizing and eterogenizing forces of globalization in the late 20th-century world. Keeping in mind that these two processes are simultaneous, following are theirdifferent implications for nation-states. The homogenization forces of globalization, in one sense is, the universalisation of the demand of the nation-state as an ideal cultural – political form of collective identity is itself a product of globaliz ation. The now globalised belief that nations exist and deserve their states is fairlywell accepted and forms the normative foundation for most contemporaryinternational organizations. In addition, these international organizations have served to institutionalize the form of the nation-state, and enforce a certain amount of standardization in the nation-state system. John Meyer has shown globalization in this sense serves to strengthen the nation-state. Meyer pointsout that despite the vast economic inequalities among states, there is a worldculture that creates significant isomorphism among nation-states and helpskeep this dispersed world polity together. The global system of nation-statesis based on global norms that define external and internal sovereignty, and is exemplified and reproduced through the similarity of the goals of‘equality’ and ‘progress’pursued by all nation-states. In other words, worldlevelcultural and organizationalinstructions for development and progress haveresulted in nation-state uniformity as all states follow similar objectives, policiesand programs. Connie McNeely elaborateson this concept of world culture by showing international organizations like the UN set normative and rigid standards of behavior for statepractices (increasingly conformed to by nation-states around the world), andin doing so play a role in institutionalizing the nation-state system. She specifically shows the nation-state system has been standardized and reproducedthrough the invention and spread of national income statistics, resulting fromthe efforts of UN statisticians and from the UN collection and distribution of comparative tables. At least in this sense, the homogenization force ofglobalization reproduces and continues the nation-state system, rather thanthreatens its existence. Another implication of homogenization is on globalized identities in terms of global consumer capitalism. Benjamin Barber describesthe homogenizing drives of ‘McWorld’ (or what has also been called the‘MacDonaldization’ of the world) which has created ‘commercialized’ and‘depoliticized’ world. Kenichi Ohmae describes a consumerist world in whichbrand loyalty replaces national loyalty. But this world that is homogenized by the globalization of consumption can’t erase the troublesomeness of national commitments. Corporate icons can’t provide the kind of collectiveunity that national identities provide, and this is perhaps one reason for the‘global localization’ that Ohmae points to, in which product marketing adaptsto local (often interpreted as national) conditions, or what has come to be knownas ‘micro-marketing’. But it is these depoliticized identities that also create thedrive to ‘resecure narrow identities’ so as to ‘escape McWorld’s monotonously firm essentials’. The heterogenising forces of globalization, or what Robertsondescribes as the ‘universalization of particularism’claims, in which not only has the ‘expectation of uniqueness’ become institutionalized and globally widespread, but the local and the particular itself isproduced on the basis of global norms. In other words, globalization of cultural norms has produced not just the legitimacy of the idea of the nation-state, butalso the expectation that such nation-states should embody unique and distinctidentities. This once again represents the globalization of the nationalist idea,the idea thatnation-states are legitimate because the nation is a unique, authenticcultural entity, with its singular and distinct identity. Beyer, in describingRobertson’s work, calls this the ’relativization of particularisms’, which leads to a search for particularistic identities. The globalization of this idea createsthe potential for declarations of national identity, and can ultimately create themomentum for fragmentation of existing nation-states that are somehow seen as‘inauthentic’and hence illegitimate. To the extent that such differentiationalso occurs as a response to certainhomogenizing drives of globalization,thisalso represents a success of the nationalist idea. Assertions of collective identityboth as an element of, as well as in response to, globalization is then more‘nation-producing’ than ‘nation-destroying’. This certainly is an effect of globalization that, in keeping with the argument of the last section on fragmentation,is not a threat to the nation-state but a measure of its success. The Altered Nation-State Panitch in Mittelman says, ‘globalization is authored by states and is primarily aboutreorganizing rather than bypassing them. ’ Rather than suggesting that the nation-state is fated to dissolve in the face of globalization, or that it will remainthe primary unaltered unit of international relations, there is a postulation of an ‘alteredstate’. The nation-state is said to exist now in one form, to have existed in the past inanother, and to be transforming itself actively into a third. This is a proposition that assumes a resilient but elastic nation-state, one that evolves over time, and whichbecomes more or less influential in different spheres depending on the utility of thatinfluence. One example of this ‘altered state’ thesis is that proposed by Philip Cerny, who suggests that ‘the nation-state is not dead’, although its role has changed. He envisages the transformation of the nation-state from being agoverning system concerned with welfare to being a system concerned with competition. Unsurprisingly he calls this the ‘competition state’. The competition state exists in aworld of increased fragmentation and globalization, and is characterized by a decrease ofpublic services and an increase of private services or industry. The competition state is amix of civil and business organization, and is concerned with effective returns oninvestment or effort. In the long run the ‘state is developing into an enterpriseassociation, with key civic, public and constitutional functions [†¦] subordinate to theglobal marketplace. ’ Another example of the ‘altered state’ is envisioned by Leo Panitch. Panitch thinks that ‘globalizing pressures even on advanced industrial states has led to a reorganization of the structural power relations within states [but has] not diminished therole of the state. ’ The nation-state is changing, but is not facing adisempowerment or loss of sovereignty. Indeed, Panitch would understand globalization as being written by nation-states, and the role of the state in collecting taxation,providing security, and having the monopoly of legitimate violence inside its sovereignborders as being unchanged. Globalization and alteration of the state role is an attempt to secure ‘global and domestic rights of capital’, and not aneo-medieval dissolution of the state apparatus. Conclusion There are, no doubt, a number of threats to the coherence and durability of particular existing nation-states, but that doesn’t weaken the nation-state as a historical form, as a contemporary organizing principle for collective cultural and political identity. Certainly, the severe crisis of particular nation-states, such as Afghanistan,Bosnia, Rwanda and Somalia, can generate a sense of anxiety about thefuture of the nation-state itself. Yet this sense of crisis has not seeped into acrossthe globe and most existing nation-states remain relatively stable and viabledespite the existence of various ethno-nationalist movements within them. The graph given above shows the trend of nation-state over a period of 100 years. The graph is the statistical evidence of the appeal and continuance of the nation-state system as a dominant cultural-political system. In the article which was the basis of this analysis, Saquib Karamat indicates economic globalization, cultural globalization and blurring of the national ideologies as threat to the existence of nation-states. Furthermore, he says global issues also question the sovereignty of nation-states. But as analyzed above, economic globalization and cultural globalization in fact strengthen the nation-state than weakening it. While blurring of national ideology is the contemporary issue of weak states, who in some way need to put into work a national project of nation-building to keep their territories intact. The global issues like global warming don’t question the authority of the state rather they implicate that all nations need to work in such a framework of communication which enables to reach a solution of common consent. Now, the analysis on the future of nation-state has made some points clear, that a nation need not to be only one with common descent (ethnic nations), there can also be nations who share common boundaries (demotic nation). A state, which has either ethnic nation or demotic nation, needs to be coherent in order to remain legitimate. The historical-political form of nation-state was based on one nation – one state rule. The concept of sovereignty has changed from absolute sovereignty to degrees of sovereignty and interdependence. The process of nation-building or nationalism is a tate’s tool to keep it coherent. All national identities are constructed by national elites and weak states which are facing the threat of territorial disintegration should consciously employ national labor in nation-building. The forces of fragmentation and forces of globalization which seems to put at risk the existence of nation-state system, actually strengthen nation-state as a historical f orm and are driving forces in the evolution of the nation-state as discusses above in the respective sections. So, nation-state needs to alter itself in order to remain competent system for the years to come. The necessity is evident from the change in the conceptof sovereignty. Since it has changed, nation-state should also be restructured in the face of globalization and fragmentation. Transferring some kinds of authority tosupranational entities, or devolving power downwards through decentralization are ways of coping with these changes, and can help retain state legitimacyrather than threaten it. Bibliography 1. E. K. Francis, Interethnic Relations: An Essay in Sociological Theory (New York: Elsevier, 1976). 2. Alfred Cobban, the Nation State and National Self Determination (London: HarperCollins, 1969). 3. Clifford Geertz, Old Societies and New States (New York: The Free Press, 1963); Edward Shils, â€Å"Primordial, Personal, Sacred and Civil Ties’’ , British Journal of Sociology, Vol. VIII, No. 2, (1957); Pierre Van den Berghe, â€Å"Race and Ethnicity: A Sociological Perspective’’ , Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 1, No. 4 (1978). 4. Paul Brass, â€Å"Elite Groups, Symbol Manipulation and Ethnic Identity among the Muslims of South Asia’’ , in D. Taylor and M. Yapp (eds. ), Political Identity in South Asia (London: Curzon Press,b1979); Eric Hobsbawm, â€Å"Introduction: Inventing Traditions’’ and â€Å"Mass-producing Traditions: Europen1870 – 1914’’ , in E. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger (eds. ), The Invention of Tradition (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 1 ± 14; Tom Nairn, The Break-up of Britain: Crisis and Neo-nationalism, 2ndedn (London: Verso, 1977). 5. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1983) 6. Kathryn A. Manzo, Creating Boundaries: The Politics of Race and Nation (London: Lynne Rienner, 1996) 7. TalalAsad, Genealogies of Religion (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993). 8. Robin Cohen, â€Å"Diasporas and the Nation-state: From Victims to Challengers’’ , International Affairs, Vol. 72, No. 3 (1996) 9. Ernest Mandel, Late Capitalism, Joris De Bres (trans. ) (London: NLB, 1972). 10. Andrew Linklater, Beyond Realism and Marxism: Critical Theory and International Relations New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1990). 11. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Capitalist World Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979 12. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Politics of the World Economy: The States, the Movements and the Civilizations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984). 3. Robin Murray, â€Å"The Internationalization of Capital and the Nation-state’’ , New Left Review, Vol. 67 (1971), 14. Peter Dicken, Global Shift: The Internationalization of Economic Activity, 2nd edn (New York: Guilford Press, 1992). 15. James H. Mittelman (ed. ), Globalization: Critical Reflections (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1996) 16. R. O’Brien, Global Financial Integration: The End of Geography (London: Sage, 1990 17. John Dunn (ed. ), The Economic Limits to Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990). 18. John Dunn, â€Å"Introduction: Crisis of the Nation State? ’ , Political Studies, Vol. 42, Special Issue (1994) 19. Helen Thompson, â€Å"The Nation-state and International Capital in Historical Perspective’’ , Government and Opposition, Vol. 32, No. 1 (1997) 20. Leo Panitch, â€Å"Rethinking the Role of the State’’, (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1996) 21. Roland Robertson, Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture (London: Sage, 1992) 22. Roland Robertson as quoted in Peter Beyer, Religion and Globalization (London: Sage, 1994) 23. Stuart Hall, â€Å"Cultural Identity and Diaspora’’, in Jonathan Rutherford (ed. , Identity: Community, Culture, Difference (London: Lawrence Wishart, 1990). 24. Connie L. McNeely, Constructing the Nation-state (Westport: Greenwood Pre ss, 1995). 25. Benjamin R. Barber, â€Å"Jihad Vs. McWorld’’ , The Atlantic Monthly (March 1992) 26. KemichiOhmae, The Borderless World (London: Harper Business, 1990). 27. Kofman, E. and Young, G. Globalization: Theory and Practice, (London: Pinter,1996) 28. ShampaBiswas, W(h)ither the Nation-state? National and State identity in the Face of Fragmentation and Globalization, Global society, (16 (2), Abingdon: Carfax. , 2002). How to cite Future Analysis of Nation State, Papers

Effect of Present Ubiquitous Computing System

Question: Prepare an analysis that will identify the critical challenge or problem in the organisation, discuss the underlying root causes of the problem, prepare criteria against which to weigh alternative solutions, and present the recommendations and implementation plan.? Answer: Executive Summary The purpose of this report is to demonstrate the effect of at the present ubiquitous system on association methods. It right away illuminates and explores technological advancement, its drivers, and accommodates a couple of tests of their undertaking. This consolidates technological headway like to modify recognition, confinement, and marker creative improvement that seem to have an in number effect on association strategies. In particular, association issues are communicated, where the control of remarkable taking care of creative improvement may give an answer. By then, three undertaking circumstances are acquainted with demonstrate the needs that drive the getting of these inventive advancements and to show how association strategies are impacted. An extraordinary taking care of system design is suggested that is gotten from the amassing of circumstances. This framework serves to perceive program possible results for ubicomp planning, creative progression in an association space. The record closes with some future points of view on extraordinary changing applications. Introduction The perspective of "ubiquitous computing (ubicomp)" is to viably associate the real world with its appearance in system (Fleisch, 2001). A cunning sickbed could be an outline for such a relationship, where sufferers in a restorative center could advantage by the use of ubicomp consistently. The wise sickbed knows the affected person who can be found in it and his or her wellbeing establishment. An expert can approach the sickbed for the wellbeing establishment of the affected individual and can incorporate his or her treatment. On the off chance that the pharmaceutical, blood bottles or essentially the sustenance takes a swing at the sickbed, it can investigate using the wellbeing establishment whether these things are affirmed with the procedure to this single individual. In the situation that an off course thing should be given to the affected individual, the sickbed would exhort the wellbeing professional (Mattern, 2001). An automatic stock organization can be associated if every part in a plant passes on a notice to the technological office control program in case it goes into or achieves the generation line. The progression of warehouse management systems (WMS) is much the same as that of various diverse applications. At first a venture to control activities and storage space of portions inside a modern office, the some bit of WMS is creating to, for instance, light creation, transport control, appeal control, and complete accounts systems. To use the basic operations-related application, MRP, as an evaluation, MRP started as an undertaking for arranging unrefined substance determinations in a creation air. A little while later MRP progressed into MRPII, which took the key MRP program and included planning and potential get prepared considering. Consistently MRPII progressed into ERP, organizing all the MRPII executions with full budgetary records and client and source control execution. Instantly, whether WMS changing into a stockroom focused ERP framework is a staggering thing or not is needy upon trade. What is clear is that the progression of the spread in execution between Warehouse Management Systems, Business Source Planning, Submission Requirements Planning, Supply Chain Planning, Transportation Management Systems, Innovative Planning and Scheduling, and Manufacturing Performance Systems will simply grow the level of blunders among associations hunting down applications for their abilities (A. Thede, 2001). Despite the fact that WMS is constantly on the increment included execution, the initial guideline execution of a WMS has not by any methods changed. The essential focus of a WMS is to control the activity and space for limit of fragments inside a limit and framework the related dealings. Instructed picking, facilitated restoration, and composed set away are the best approach to WMS. The specific foundation and dealing with inside a WMS can shift altogether beginning with one item source, then onto the following; however the vital intuition will use a mixture of thing, range, total, contraption of evaluate, and purchase information to understand where to stock, where to pick, and in what plan to execute these limits. In this report, the attention is on successful and genuine illustrations or representations of XYZ Organization, which is taking a shot at WMS, since such depictions are the base for a physical examination. This report reveals in the XYZ Organization, which association methods are influenced and how they are encountering ubicomp technological improvement. Developing a determination of undertaking cases, which depend on upon ubicomp technological improvement, an ubicomp technique, setup is recommended that clears up a structure of association frameworks to have the ability to see program possible results. Statement of the Problem XYZ Organization encounters a persisting necessity for movement to be productive. New creative improvement can be used for powerful purpose of investment and allow new things and organizations. There are still various issues that can't be settled absolutely with standard IT frameworks like ERP or e-business methods. Press squashes, human oversights, and late purposes of investment are the paramount purposes behind issues in the unpretentious components stream of associations. The XYZ Organization encounters a couple of issues related to their supply chains (Mayer, 1999). These issues can waste up to 25 percent of an association's working cost. The insufficient synchronization between material course and purposes of investment stream realizes the assumed bull-whip-sway (H. L. Lee, 1997). The repercussions are wealth amassing or stock outs. Along these lines, the overwhelming piece of associations keeps up unnecessary wellbeing shares. Analysis of the causes of the problem At present, it creates the impression that in XYZ Organization, three ubicomp advancements have a brief and exceedingly effective impact on association systems. Those are computerized conspicuous evidence, confinement, and significant development. Using this information, XYZ Organization can inspect if a medicine has gotten the nearby time of your time, if it is qualified with the drugs in its assembling and it can highlight the patient to take in the pills. Delineation is an additional part, which knows its position inside the offer course of action. At the going with, the real advancement will be portrayed from a particular point of view. Automatic Identification It is a creative advancement that is consistently used to recognize things or movement units (Yokose, 1999). Customary Auto-ID systems are bar standard, RFID, sharp card, and one of kind imprint routines (Finkenzeller, 2010). Two assignments are fundamental in the recognition process for every Auto-ID structure: getting an external confirmation from the endeavor that should be perceived and perceiving that sign by a systematic examination (AIM, 2015). "Barcode systems" can be seen as the most basic Auto-ID mechanical progression for thing recognition. Every territory has its own bar rule requirements, in the same route as the Worldwide Item Code or the European Article Number Code in the retail space. A typical bar code on an item can keep information of roughly 10 bytes. Later two-dimensional scanner, label scanners can store information of 1000 bytes (BarCode 1, 2013). Localization In most of the cases, it is close by automated recognition, since the isolated spot unobtrusive components is frequently lacking without the recognizing confirmation of the masterminded endeavor. The area is a basic constraint methodology, where we-fit and convenient openness variables are managed (Hightower, 2001). If an element can be perceived inside a flexible, such a system can understand that the endeavor must be in the proximity of the known spot of the accompanying structure. Area can moreover be in the perspective of other Auto-ID systems, in the same path as sharp cards issuer: if a sagacious card has been recognized and the sport of the savvy cards gathering of spectators is known, then it can be contemplated that the proprietor of the brilliant cards must have been at this spot (J. Hightower, 2001) (Domnitcheva, 2001). Sensor Technology Assorted sensors are temperature, sound, visual, infrared, seismic, or magnetic to screen circumstances like temperature, moistness, vehicle activity, super circumstances, weight, ground beautifiers, confusion orchestrates, the region or nonattendance of particular sorts of things, specifically nervousness composes on associated things or current characteristics, for instance, speed, bearing, and estimation a thing. Specific changes in MEMS oversees machines in the nanometer scale, moreover influences the setup of new receptors that are getting more diminutive in estimation and use less power (I.F. Akyildiz, 2002). Other Analysis Stood out from the internet or intranet, ubicomp tasks secure new considers sum and quality. Maybe, there are open a more prominent number of things than PC systems and the purposes of investment exchange address physical things. Decisions that are starting now being prescribed for the online division must be modified for the usage in the ubicomp zone. Security subjects endeavor to secure affiliation hyperlinks concerning comfort, faithful quality, and legitimacy. Security considers similarly consolidating assent, commitment, and non-renouncement. In a relationship, comfort can be portrayed as the instance of a solitary individual to control the technique of unpretentious components decision, stockpiling, directing and apportionment concerning his or her private purposes of investment. Assurance of the customers and keeping the supervising of the customers' purposes of investment clear for them are frameworks that course of action with this issue (Stajano, 2002). For the transportation of things, various transportation models are used. Colossal quantities of them are recyclable. The work of such sources tends to be insufficient without element organization. Searching for lost things is time -consuming without finding structures. In befuddled stocks, lost things will be simply found in the midst of stocktaking, which realizes "dead stock". The supervising of nonessential or risky things, e.g., blood bottles or substances, needs phenomenal wellbeing measures. Wrong temperature ranges or weight conditions can incite mischief of things. Oversights in the collecting of XYZ Organization become indulgent if they are not seen instantly. This can happen if taking over and attestation of the change system is lacking. By virtue of remembering, influenced things frequently can't be seen, in light of the fact that individual information on thing reason is losing. When in doubt, it is troublesome or hard to just see things. This helps robbery and copying. All things considered, influenced things are CDs, electronic contraptions, additional items, or honed steel rotor dangerously sharp edges, among others. This rundown of association issues could without a doubt be drawn out. Ubicomp imaginative advancement, in the same path as automatic recognition, impediment, and pointer mechanical headway are impending possibility to get over these issues. Right when XYZ Organization plans to look at an alternate inventive headway, they have to know the affiliation affects early. These effects are fundamentally seen by central focuses and expense. The hotspot for the central focuses can be depicted in a general way. In the field of ubicomp, resources for purposes of investment are the repugnance of press squashes between the actual and the propelled globe, the thought of "splendid things", and the sponsorship for versatility. The shirking of press smashes holds the wanted to improve the execution of association system through mechanized. A moved level of procedure automated results in humble since less individual commitment is obliged and particular failures are cleared. Care demonstrates that things have the ability to offer data about their present and past perspective. The choices that impact the thing can be made at the thing itself. For example, a blade holder can pick whether it is saved reliably at the right warmth range. It can be requested whether it was kept at the right warmth range. In a custom framework, it must be ensured that thermometers are reliably around for outside after. These thermometers must be investigated eventually every time the blood bottle changes its region. This framework is repetitive; botch slanted, and does not offer a fitting procedure for evaluating the actual nature of the blood bottle. In the same way, ubicomp imaginative advancement can have effects on various distinctive frameworks in XYZ Organization. For example, if there is constant information about things in the give gathering available, collecting, arranging could be enhanced and mixed bags in the give lessened. At last, this could bring about to a completely automated thing pushed give progression. As shown by client purchases and give under way, a keen plant could ask for the obliged stock from the suppliers or some spot is where the obliged domains are available. XYZ Organization uses quantitative examination to survey business sways. RTO and TCO are such parameters. To perform the estimations, it is vital to elucidate purposes of investment and cost in inconspicuous components, which are affected by the use of ubicomp strategies. Cost can be investigated in enhance as demonstrated by the used ubicomp structure. A parcel of the central focuses must be approximated to a certain level. For example, it is possible to comprehend the amount of quality positive circumstances, if all slips could be ousted from creation; it is unreasonable to exactly understand the upgrade of the thing arrangements in light of the most essential thing quality. Decision criteria and alternative solutions Procedure designs are used to evaluate and enhance affiliation exercises in XYZ Company. Momentous is the quality progression thought of Porter (Porter, 1998). To go down systems using IT, they must be dead set in more unpretentious components. Most affiliation application activities like ERP routines endorse their own specific approach reference diagrams. As an introductory stage in this direction, the ubicomp methodology design sees exercises and exercises that can be fortified by ubicomp imaginative progress. It exhibits a way to associate the possibilities of the inventive progress to affiliation frameworks, in like manner abstracting from the actual and specific technical workplaces (Thomas Aidan Curran, 1999). The ubicomp procedure framework uses four fundamental quirks that change actual things into "splendid articles". They give unprecedented recognition, imprisonment, besides certifiable position unobtrusive components reliant on their genuine perspective. Identification is used most periodically as a piece of activities nearby the other crucial tricks. The accompanying work identifies with real position unpretentious components figured by receptors. Besides, it gives a past loaded with past guidelines. The accompanying work addresses the object's spot. It gives the current spot and the best spots of a thing. Checking and taking after organizations can be given by things that are aware of their perspective (ECR, 2013). The notice work engages shrewd things to pass on purposes of investment if a committed event has happened. The relating principles can be considered as the affiliation thinking about the savvy thing and it gives the thought that choices are delivered utilizing the things themselves. Events are considering spot data, the position of a thing, or unpretentious components got from other insightful things. In case the temperature of a blood container surpasses a predestined worth, a notice for the cooler, where it exists, could be incited. On the off chance that the issue moves ahead with, the notice may be sent to a master. Adroit apparatus has the ability to take exercises: the fridge decreases the temperature range or it may perform checks to oneself. XYZ Company uses IT strategies to have the ability to enhance their systems. Commonly, associations embody four macro procedures: SCM, CRM, the moving process, and obliging techniques. Each of these macro systems can be depicted by different exercises or more specific exercises. For example, SCM: It incorporates each one of those exercises in XYZ Company which are associated with moving items from the unrefined material stage to the end customer. This consolidates searching for and getting, era engineering, purchase dealing with, stock control, transport, and warehousing. Current standard affiliation application logically tends to help all exercises of a development. There are still endeavors or single exercises that are not authentically sustained by existing IT methodology. Ubicomp mechanical advancement can be joined with redesign the execution of those errands. The ubicomp strategy, design sees those undertakings where ubicomp activities hold a high potential. Conclusion, implementation and justification Ubicomp technological progression allows an enormous number of new ventures having an effect on affiliation procedures. This file concentrated on tasks that can be seen with today's technological headway and have a supportive affiliation affect in XYZ Company. Regardless, it should moreover have been able to be clear that the capacity of ubicomp technological advancement will increase later on. For example, an extra part can be checked from the change, through the distinctive settlement levels, to the end customer. To accomplish such an incessant joint effort all through the give gathering, a remarkable workplace and middleware is imperative. This contains fragment components like the thing, which connects with the thing, and the contraptions in the surroundings, which can interface with their alternatives on the things. Programming components embody schedules and "tongues" for the association. The Internet division gives open necessities like TCP/IP and XML. Such a normal ubicomp wo rkplace, in light of creating imaginative progression and necessities, would allow a couple of activities, which from today's viewpoint are more experienced. An alternate thought in the ubicomp range is the record of things that can tell some individual who it was, what was in its district, and what struck it. This idea can be important in assorted circumstances in XYZ Company. Finishing, it can be said that the usage of ubicomp technological improvement can be productive in a matter of seconds in a couple of activities starting now, and it can be foreseen that the change in creative headway and the loss of cost lead to more and more new program circumstances. Reviewing today's undertakings and the needs that create associations to look at ubicomp technological headway, may give thoughts how pending ventures could look like. The ubicomp affiliation approach diagram that has been pulled in this document can be used as spot to start to see where ubicomp technological headway has an effect on associations. Upgrading it and making some more experienced circumstances is liable to further research. References Thede, A. S. (2001). Integration of Goods Delivery Supervision into Ecommerce Supply Chain. Second International Workshop, (pp. 16-17). Heidelberg. (2015). AIM - Association for Automatic Identification and Mobility. Retrieved March 9, 2015, from https://www.aimglobal.org/ BarCode 1. (2013, June 25). Bar Code 1 Homepage - A Web of Information About Bar Code. Retrieved March 9, 2015, from BarCode 1: https://www.barcode-1.net/ Domnitcheva, S. (2001). Location Modeling: State of the Art and Challenges, Location Modeling for Ubiquitous Computing Workshop at Ubicomp. (2013, March 7). Sustainability Best Practices. Retrieved March 9, 2015, from https://www.ecr-all.org/ Finkenzeller, K. (2010). RFID Handbook: Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards, Radio Frequency Identification and Near-Field Communication. Wiley: New York. Fleisch, E. (2001). Business Perspectives on Ubiquitous Computing. Gallen, Switzerland: University of St. Gallen. L. Lee, V. P. (1997). The Bullwhip Effect in Supply Chains. Massachusetts: Sloan Management Review. Hightower, J. (2001). Location Sensing Techniques. Washington: University of Washington, Computer Science and Engineering. F. Akyildiz, W. S. (2002). Wireless sensor networks: a survey. Computer Networks , 393-422. Hightower, G. B. (2001). Location Systems for Ubiquitous Computing. IEEE Computer magazine , 57-66. Mattern, F. (2001). The Vision and Foundations of Ubiquitous Computing. Upgrade , 2-6. Mayer, S. (1999). Erfolgsfaktoren fr das Supply Chain Management nach der Jahrtausendwende. Berlin: Schmidt. Porter, M. E. (1998). Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. New York: Free Press. Stajano, F. (2002). Security for Ubiquitous Computing. John Wiley Sons , Chichester, UK. Thomas Aidan Curran, G. K. (1999). SAP R/3 Business Blueprint: Business Engineering mit den R/3-Referenzprozessen. Bonn: Addison-Wesley Verlag. Yokose, T. D. (1999). Immunohistochemical study of cytochrome P450 2C and 3A in human non-neoplastic and neoplastic tissues. IEEE Robotics Automation Magazine , 4-65.

Myths and Misperceptions of the Disability

Misconception is defined as a mistaken notion about something or someone. Disability is lack of ability to handle a certain responsibility in the manner that is expected for a normal person. Some forms of disabilities are either permanent or just transitory in nature. Most of the time, people have been limited to handle some challenging situations due to different disabilities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Myths and Misperceptions of the Disability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Illness is a status of having poor health due to several reasons that include poor diets, infections, or genes (Wagner 123). It is normal for human beings to fall ill in the course of their lives. There are forms of illnesses that are minor, while others are serious, and requires one to be hospitalized. The bodies of human beings are capable of fighting simple illnesses, while others require one to seek for medical attention. There a re several myths and misperceptions concerning disabilities and some illnesses among various people in the society. For instance, some people have a perception that disability is a ruining personal tragedy. The truth about the disabled people is that, their lives are not tragic. Disability cannot really be conceived as a ruining factor in one`s life because, people acquire it mostly through attitudes and the environment that they live and work in (Beauttah 203). Another misperception about disability is that most deaf people can lip-read. This is a misperception because for a deaf person to communicate effectively, he or she should be provided with sign language interpreters or lip speakers for audience to understand what they are saying. According to some of the information provided by researchers concerning the disabled, people tend to think that the disabled are unable to have relationships. This is false because just like non-disabled persons, they have the ability to make perso nal choices about whom they would like to spend their future with. Countless disabled people have managed long-term relationships and have their own children. In addition, there is a misperception that disability is interrelated with illness. This is evident that just like any other normal person, the disabled are prone to illnesses in the same manner. Not unless they are helped, the disabled cannot do anything on their own, to some extent, disabled people would sometimes require to be assisted on some matters due to their inadequacy. Some things may be too complex for disabled people to handle, hence the reason that they need to be assisted (Beauttah 210). However, they are not always dependent as they also strive to be independent to keep their lives moving. Sometimes, it is not the fault of people to place such misperceptions about disability and illnesses, but it is what they found their fore fathers saying and they also believed. Some of these misperceptions are cleared by educ ation, as people are still acquiring knowledge on why some things happen in life.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is a group of people that believe that the disabled are very courageous in their actions and in their ways of approaching issues. Every individual has his or her own way of coping up with life, especially when faced with challenges. Disabled people likewise, have the same potential like the non-disabled in ways of coping up with life, and they are not in any manner exceptional (Wagner 187). Unless someone has some mental disability, any other type of disability does not deny an individual such a capability nor does it add anything to the courage of that person. Disabled people are uneducable; this is also another misperception of some people. Several studies have proved that disabled people have the same academic abilities just like any other normal person. Th is is proved by the availability of disabled people in the world with high qualifications, and some others taking care of high-level jobs. The worst and most common type of misperception is that students with disabilities are not intelligent. The presence of the word disability brings the idea of such students not able to learn. The fact that the word disable implies not able, makes people to create a very negative perception about those people who are disabled. The fact about these people is that they can learn, but in a different way. Mostly in our cultural context, people define and classify intelligence depending on the academic performances of an individual (Wagner 105). Just because people with disability perform poorly in school, does not mean that they are not intelligent. Most of such people have demonstrated some excellent skills and abilities, but unfortunately, such skills are not tested in school. When given an opportunity and some form of encouragement, people with dis ability can prove to be intelligent in some other fields though not necessarily in school work. Moreover, most of people have a serious misperception about mental illness. This has resulted to patients who suffer from such disorders be afraid to seek for assistance because of fear of stigmatization. Religious sectors have the biggest percentage of people with misperception of such illness (Wagner 90).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Myths and Misperceptions of the Disability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some people claim mental disorders to be because of one being possessed with demons, or rather a punishment from God. The media has tried a great deal to change and shape the misperceptions of such people, by making them understand that such an illness is just like any other disorder. There are so many misperception about illness that have been there for a long time, but the spread of knowledge through educat ion, media and other aspects, people are becoming enlightened. Most of parents who have disabled children have suffered a great deal due to stigmatization brought about by misperceptions. For instance, some people insult such parents by telling them that their children are suffering due to poor parenting. Such parents even fear to seek for treatment of their loved ones, as they also tend to believe what other people are saying. This is false because children from well up families are also victims of such illness in the same rate as children from poor families. Moreover, those patients who suffer from mental illness, people tend to think that their disorders are because of stress (Wagner 312). To some extent, stress may trigger such conditions, but the real causes of such conditions are proved biologically. There are several patients, who do not have any history of stress, and they are later diagnosed with mental illness. People who have lived admirable lives free from stress, with g ood jobs and healthy families are also found suffering from mental disorders. In conclusion, it has become a responsibility of all people with knowledge to enlighten others, who totally believe in such misperceptions (Beauttah 225). This act of judging things wrongly has caused fear and stigmatization to innocent people. Some parents are found even to keep their disabled children indoor due to stigmatization. It is the high time people stop applying these misperceptions in the real life and work on the reality. Works Cited Beauttah, Trender. Myths and Misperceptions of Mental Illness. New York: Routledge, 2008. Print. Wagner, James. Myths and Misperceptions on Disability. Michigan: Cengage Learning, 2006. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Myths and Misperceptions of the Disability was written and submitted by user April Norman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Sixteen-Year-Old Female Athlete Case Study †Health Paper

A Sixteen-Year-Old Female Athlete Case Study – Health Paper Free Online Research Papers A Sixteen-Year-Old Female Athlete Case Study Health Paper A sixteen-year-old female athlete presents complaining of a gradual reduction in form. In addition, the athlete appears to be susceptible to infections and has had numerous colds and episodes of lethargy. She says she is finding it harder and harder to train and you suspect that she might be suffering from overtraining. Overtraining syndrome is a serious problem with features of decreased performance; increased fatigue, persistent muscle soreness, mood disturbances, and feeling burnt out or stale. The diagnosis of overtraining is usually complicated, there are no exact diagnostic criteria, and physicians must rule out other diseases before the diagnosis can be made. Further studies are needed to find a reliable diagnostic test and determine if proposed aids to speed recovery will be effective. Unlike with diagnoses of most diseases, physicians have no exact criteria for the overtraining state. The diagnosis is based on three points: (1) patient history, (2) carefully ruling out other diseases, and (3) laboratory findings. History taking includes a careful account of symptoms and signs. Changes in training regimen are of utmost importance. Performance decrement with an increased feeling of fatigue (subjective and objective evaluation) is the main sign of overtraining. The history of running nose, generalise aching and coughing suggest post-viral infection. History of repeated vomiting or induction of vomiting by stimulating of through suggested the possibility of anorexia nervosa. The overtraining state can only be diagnosed after clinical examination has ruled out other conditions. Diseases such as Addisons disease, anemia and other nutritional deficiencies, asthma and allergies, cardiac diseases (e.g., hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), diabetes or glucose intolerance, hypo- and hyperthyroidism, infections, muscle diseases, and psychiatric disorders can mimic overtraining. Laboratory tests for differential diagnosis and laboratory findings that can be connected to decreased performance capacity are helpful. Several laboratory parameters have been proposed to indicate an impending or actual overtraining state: a decrease in testosterone and increase in cortisol concentration, or a decrease in their ratio; decrease in nocturnal catecholamines; changes in catecholamine concentration in blood during rest and after exercise; decrease in maximal blood lactate concentration; decrease in plasma glutamine concentration; increase in uric acid and creatine kinase concentrations (reflecting overload at the muscle level); decrease in the ratio of blood lactate concentration to ratings of perceived exertion; changes in morning heart rate; and changes in initial heart rate response to orthostatic stress. Laboratory Tests for the Differential Diagnosis of the Overtraining State General assessment Complete blood picture, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate Blood glucose Sodium, potassium, calcium Alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase Assessment of anaemia (nutritional problem) Ferritin Transferrin, albumin Creatine kinase Cortisol and testosterone (free testosterone) Hormonal assessment Thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone Estrogen, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone (stimulation test) Catecholamines (urine) and catecholamine metabolites Infection assessment to eliminate the possibility of post-viral syndrome. Differential leukocyte count Immunoglobulin (IgE) Assessment of serious metabolic disorders Magnesium, zinc Further specific examinations if needed If there is no disease found, we can assume that the athlete is suffering from overtraining syndrome. The best treatment for the overtraining syndrome is prevention. Tapering the training regimen combined with rest, proper nutrition, and sleep help the body heal. Recognition and treatment of depression is important. Therapies such as massage and sauna baths can speed recovery. Periodization of training with enough recovery should prevent overtraining. Periodization means that correct loads of training stimuli are administered followed by adequate recovery periods. The training and recovery time should be individualized since different persons have his/her individual conditions. Through the one year, the training can be divided into phases of training emphasis called macrocycles. Each training week is called a microcycle (microcycles can be also longerup to 10 days), and each microcycle includes both strenuous and recovery days in an appropriate proportion. Three or 4 microcycles compose a mezzocycle. Each mezzocycle consists of 2 to 3 microcycles with higher training loads and 1 recovery microcycle. Macrocycles with different training regimens can be classified as preparation, precompetition, competition, and tapering; all preparing for optimal performance in competition. As noted before, careful follow-up of athletes subjective feelings and some objective parameters are also an important part of prevention. If the overtraining state persists in spite of all efforts to prevent it, effective treatment is needed. The best treatment is to rest and avoid sport activities for approximately 2 weeks. After the resting period, the patient can start light training. Athletes should try different sports, like swimming, ball games, cycling etc. Training should progress very slowly, with the pace determined by carefully listening to the patients feelings. Psychological state of athletes is also important; athletes should forget the past and concentrate on the future. Otherwise, they can easily start comparing their performance and feelings to the time before the overtraining state, inducing a neurotic attempt to recapture the previous feeling. This can delay recovery and highlights the huge role of psychological factors in recovery. Professional psychological help is sometimes recommended for athletes who are seeking to overcome an overtraining problem. Depression is one of the biggest psychological problems among overtrained athletes, and differentiation between primary depression and overtraining with secondary depression is difficult. Training history, discussions with coaches and other athletes, and a family history can help clarify this question. Adequate nutrition is one of the most important background factors behind a positive training effect and is also very important for overtrained athletes. If the diet is balanced, additional supplements and nutritional modifications have not been proven to speed recovery. The most common deficiency, especially in female endurance athletes, is iron. Zinc, magnesium, and calcium deficiencies have also been reported in endurance athletes, especially those who deliberately restrict their diets. In those cases, supplementation is needed. Adequate sleep is important during recovery. All additional stressors should be minimized. Traveling can increase tiredness, but in some cases, changing the environment and finding new hobbies can be good for recovery. Increased sexual activity may aid a recovering athlete, as it relaxes and modulates neurotransmitters beneficiently. Research Papers on A Sixteen-Year-Old Female Athlete Case Study - Health PaperPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyResearch Process Part OneArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)The Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseStandardized TestingEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThree Concepts of PsychodynamicIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfGenetic Engineering

Quotes From Flowers for Algernon by Daniel Keyes

Quotes From 'Flowers for Algernon' by Daniel Keyes Flowers for Algernon is a famous novel by Daniel Keyes. Its a bittersweet novel of a mentally disabled man named Charlie, who undergoes an experimental procedure to gain higher intelligence. The book follows his evolution from his low level, through his experiences of coming to understand the world around him. The book raises ethical and moral questions about the treatment of the disabled and happiness. The story is told through Charlies diaries and other documents. One of the ways Keyes portrayed Charlies intelligence was through the evolution of his spelling and  grammar.   Quotes From Flowers for Algernon Any one who has common sense will remember that the bewilderments of the eye are of two kinds, and arise from two causes, either from coming out of the light or from going into the light, which is true of the minds eye, quite as much as of the bodily eye; and he who remembers this when he sees any one whose vision is perplexed and weak, will not be too ready to laugh; he will first ask whether that soul of man has come out of the brighter life, and is unable to see because unaccustomed to the dark, or having turned from darkness to the day is dazzled by excess of light. And he will count the one happy in his condition and state of being, and he will pity the other.  -The Republic, Prefaceall my life I wantid to be smart and not dumb and my mom always tolld me to try and lern just like Miss Kinnian tells me but its very hard to be smart and even when I lern something in Miss Kinnians class at the school I ferget alot.  I dint know mice were so smart.  If your smart you can have lots of frends to talk to and you never get lonley by yourself all the time.   Some times somebody will say hey lookit Frank, or Joe or even Gimpy. He really pulled a Charlie Gordon that time. I dont know why they say it but they always laff and I laff too.I beet Algernon. I dint even know I beet him until Burt Selden told me. Then the second time I lost because I got so excited. But after that I beet him 8 more times. I must be getting smart to beat a smart mouse like Algernon. But I dont feel smarter.She says Im a fine person and Ill show them all. I asked her why. She said never mind but I shouldnt feel bad if I find out everybody isnt nice like I think.  One thing? I, like: about, Dear Miss Kinnian: (thats, the way? it goes; in a business, letter (if I ever go! into business?) is that, she: always gives me a reason when - I ask. Shes a genius! I coud be smart like-her, Punctuation , is? fun!  I never knew before that Joe and Frank and the others liked to have me around just to make fun of me. Now I know what they mean wen they say to pull a Charlie Gord on. Im ashamed. Now I want you to look at this card, Charlie. What might this be? What do you see on this card? People see all kinds of things in these inkblots. Tell me what it makes you think of.I was seeing them clearly for the first time - not gods or even heroes, but just two men worried about getting something out of their work.  It had been all right as long as they could laugh at me and appear clever at my expense, but now they were feeling inferior to the moron. I began to see that by my astonishing growth I had made them shrink and emphasized their inadequacies.  I had betrayed them, and they hated me for it.  Our relationship is becoming increasingly strained. I resent Nemurs constant references to me as a laboratory specimen. He makes me feel that before the experiment was not really a human being.  What did you expect? Did you think Id remain a docile pup, wagging my tail and licking the foot that kicks me? I no longer have to take the kind of crap that people have been handing me all my life.   Remembering how my mother looked before she gave birth to my sister is frightening. But even more frightening is the feeling that I wanted them to catch me and beat me. Why did I want to be punished? Shadows out of the past clutch at my legs and drag me down. I open my mouth to scream, but I am voiceless. My hands are trembling, I feel cold, and there is a distant humming in my ears.  It may sound like ingratitude, but that is one of the things I hate here - the attitude that I am a guinea pig. Nemurs constant references to having made me what I am, or that someday there will be others like me who will become real human beings. How can I make him understand that he did not create me?  They had pretended to be geniuses. But they were just ordinary men working blindly, pretending to be able to bring light into the darkness. Why is it that everyone lies? No one I know is what he appears to be.  Nothing in our minds is ever really gone. The operation had covered him over with a ven eer of education and culture, but emotionally he was therewatching and waiting.   Im not your friend. Im your enemy. Im not going to give up my intelligence without a struggle. I cant go back down into that cave. Theres no place for me to go now, Charlie. So youve got to stay away.  ARTIFICIALLY-INDUCED INTELLIGENCE DETERIORATES AT A RATE OF TIME DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE QUANTITY OF THE INCREASE.the men of the cave would say of him that up he went and down he came without his eyes.  I passed your floor on the way up, and now Im passing it on the way down, and I dont think Ill be taking this elevator again.  P.S. please if you get a chance put some flowers on Algernons grave in the back yard.

LOVE - A Visit to the Museum Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

LOVE - A Visit to the Museum - Assignment Example Some of the websites navigated include but not limited to: Smithsonian American Art Museum, National Gallery of Art, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Montreal Museum of Fine Arts and Museum of Modern Art among others. From almost all the museums that I explored, child-friendly and resources was vastly covered. In some family programs for both parents and children was combined and they learn and get entertained together. Parents, caregivers and children are offered engaging gallery tours. Variety of artworks, including paintings, sculptures, snapshots, folk arts are available for both family and children (Schwarz, 1996). Children also find it interesting as they get an access to coloring books, numerous kid activities and games and also some music. Some of the activities are accessed through the gallery tours while others are accessible online while still in the museum. All the museums have research centers and programs which most favors teachers. The centers provide adequate information, variety of resources and training opportunities to the educators/teachers. Experts in various fields are hired to help in fortifying education both domestically and globally (Schwarz, 1996). Laboratories for creating models and inventive informal education are also available. Moreover, teachers also get an opportunity to have objective overview of various things; they also get questions for various subjects. Teachers also get ideas of how they can link art and curriculum in multiple subjects and topics. Museum sites also offer numerous resources, including the lesson plans that look at the way art can manipulate various magnitudes of religious experience. This is one of the ways that teachers can use in enhancing children’s art inside the classroom (Schwarz, 1996). I found it very easy in navigating the site, there is a sequential order on the activities is covered, both in writing and on exhibition. One does not require to be

Evaluate the UK tax system in the context of Adam's Canon of Taxation Essay

Evaluate the UK tax system in the context of Adam's Canon of Taxation - Essay Example 2008). In UK today, there exist no published figures on this particular ‘gap’ but statistics from the Tax Justice Network (TJN) indicate that UK’s fifty largest companies have paid an average of 5.7 per cent less corporation tax than ‘expected rates’ from 2000 to 2004 (Wolfgang et al. 2008). This largely depends upon what is ‘expected’ and some of the assumptions made are questionable. For instance, in UK, TJN has associated this with excessive corporate tax allowances given to motivate investment in plant and machinery that in turn result into high levels of deferred taxation (Wolfgang et al. 2008). Today, capital allowances constitute examples of various express tax relief and incentives, which are regarded by most governments as desirable in the context of their economic policies. Recent report findings by the National Audit Office in UK identified that, around 220 of the largest UK 700 companies paid no tax at all in the years 2005 an d 2006, which led to concerns being widely highlighted in the media that there were high levels of corporate tax avoidance (Wolfgang et al. 2008). Therefore, this research paper will largely look at and make evaluation of the UK tax system in the context of Adam’s Canon of Taxation. Background to Adam’s Canon of Taxation Adam Smith is considered the father of modern economics and part of his contribution to the field of economics was presentation of four principles of a good taxation system known as Adam Smith’s Canons of Taxation (Smith and Cannan 1976; Smith and Sutherland 1998). The four principles are as follows: Canon of Equity, in the words of Adam Smith, â€Å"people of every state should pay their share in proportion to their individual abilities, which means that they should pay tax proportion to that income which they respectively get under the government security† (Jain, Kaur, Gupta and Gupta n.d, p.30). The basic assumption of this law is that , people are supposed to pay taxes according their capacity, while equity in this sense means people should demonstrate equality of sacrifice in paying tax. For instance, since the rich people’s marginal utility of money is less than that for the poor, rich people are supposed to pay more amounts in taxes than the poor people (Jain, Kaur, Gupta and Gupta n.d). Therefore the principle of justice is implicated in this doctrine (Nicholson 1928) and in the words of Adam Smith, â€Å"It will be more justified for the rich to contribute to the public expenditure not only what is proportionate to their income but more than that† (Jain and Khanna 2006, p.349). The second canon is that of certainty, where the postulation of this principle is that, there need to be a certainty regarding taxes (Das, 1993). For example, in Smith’s words â€Å"the tax which each individual is bound to pay ought to be certain, and not arbitrary and that time of payment, the manner of payment , the quantity to be paid ought to be clear and plain to the contributor and to every other person† (Jain, Kaur, Gupta and Gupta n.d, p.30). These assumptions show that, in any taxation system, individuals must know how much tax they are supposed to pa

Dante, Plato, Aristotle Essay Example for Free

Dante, Plato, Aristotle Essay The assignment is poetry v. philosophy. Plato speaks of a quarrel b/t poetry and philosophy. He dismisses the arts while Aristotle defends them. DO we see traces of this quarrel in later traditions? If so, where? And how is it played out there? For this essay, in addition to Plato and Aristotle, focus on Dantes Inferno. (Please look to see if my thesis is clear and strong, my evidence is all relevant, and whether this whole essay persuades you) Throughout his life, Plato strongly believed that the arts and philosophy directly opposed each other. On the other hand, Aristotle defended poetry as an aid to philosophy. Dante, a philosophical poet, successfully synthesizes Plato and Aristotles views in the Divine Comedy of the Inferno without compromising either school of thought. He acknowledges the fact that while the arts have its uses within the material world and philosophy its uses in the spiritual, both need the other to be complete. Both Plato and Aristotle agree that poetry brings about great emotion which has a lasting impact on the individual and society. However, they disagree on poetrys emotional effects. In Meno, Plato believes it results in harm while Aristotle argues that it leads to improvement in Poetics. Upon closer inspection, we see that Dantes Inferno contains a philosophical significance underlying its poetic style. Poetry and philosophy work towards the same end, but in different ways. There is no doubt that poetry is an imitation. What Aristotle and Plato dispute over is the source of that imitation. Plato strongly states that the arts are mimetic, twice removed from the truth. They are an imitation of the ideal entities in the realm of the forms, in which all things are perfect. For instance, tragedy presents multiple possibilities and situations rather than a single essence. In Meno, Platos Socrates discusses the difference between doxa and episteme. Poets, politicians and priests utilize doxa, a type of knowledge that is not mediated through any intellectual reasoning. This further demonstrates the composition of the material realm. Right opinion, or doxa, flees from the mind just as the materialistic body quickly perishes. Socrates says opinion is not worth much until it is fastened with reasoning of cause and effect (Plato 65). He is alluding to episteme, true knowledge that remains in the brain. This is accomplished through intellectual inquiry in the ideal realm. Throughout the dialogue, Menon insults Socrates by saying he looks like a stingray, alluding to a type of numbing-drug. However, Menon proves to have false knowledge as Socrates shows how anamnesis occurs via the Socratic Method. Only when he experiences aporia, the state of confusion and realization of ones ignorance, can he reach true knowledge. The reference to the drug, pharmakon, symbolizes how Menon became numb to the false, material world in order to transition to the divine realm where all things originate. While Plato asserts that imitation comes from the true essence of things, Aristotle believes it has its roots in human action. In Poetics, he examines how humans have an instinct for imitation, harmony and rhythm. We often learn our earliest lessons from mimesis. Aristotle asserts that the only way to reach the ideal is through action. He views it as a horizontal developmental rather than a vertical one, as Plato did. By the process of energia, we move from potential to actuality. This is also analogous to the concept of the material to the ideal. We come out of the cave and into the sun through our own activities. As the arts best represent action, tragedy contains knowledge because it presents psychological possibilities and universal truths about ourselves. Each possible reality may be the ideal essence. Tragedy, after all, is an imitation of action and of life, not men. The stage externalizes whats within our souls. The actors play out the meaning of life which the audience can safely inspect without endangering themselves. This perspective is extremely human-centric compared to Platos divine ideal. For instance, tragedy contains plot that is action-centric and based on the structure of incidents. Unlike a story, a plots events can be resequenced in any fashion. This is like an experiment in which the stage is our lab. A plot can furthermore be split in two ways: complex or simple. A complex plot contains peripeteia and anagnorisis. The latter, similar to Platos Meno, shows the progression from ignorance to knowledge. Yet the characters on stage, even after making decisions, are still susceptible to Fortunes will. Thus peripeteia occurs, alluding to God and the divine realm we ultimately reach with the aid of anagnorisis. There are some things people cant control. However, what we do imitate and control are our actions within the material world. For Aristotle, action was the most significant aim to focus on. In Dantes Inferno, the poet Virgil guides Dante into Hell. Poetry begins to act as a gentler remedy compared to philosophy. It is more relatable to the human mind and physical world. Through catharsis, Dante must eliminate all emotional tumult to become enlightened. This process of catharsis is similar to the movement from the material to spiritual realm. Paradiso, the highest realm, is where true intellect exists and where we become one with God. In the second canto, Dante demonstrates the wickedness of emotions and the materialistic realm when Virgil tells him: Your soul has been assailed by cowardice, which often weighs so heavily on a man- distracting him from honorable trails- as phantoms frighten beasts when shadows fall. (lines 45-48) This is an extremely Platonian perspective. Partially right, Plato believed that tragedy produced cowardly leaders as it appealed to passion rather than logic and reason. Through Virgil, Dante demonstrates how the arts, especially poetry, are effective in cleansing the soul of emotion by experiencing or contemplating it. Much like the Socratic Method in Meno, Dante must become numb to false knowledge via catharsis and begin with a clean slate. He accomplishes this by observing the damned in the inferno. When he passes through aporia, only then will he become enlightened and obtain truth. The shadows are a reference to Augustines visio corporals, the cave of pure materiality, in which false knowledge resides. Dante says in canto one that man must come out of the shadowed forest (line 2) where he is so full of sleep (line 11). All this is accomplished through human action, represented through tragedy and poetry. Furthermore, Virgil symbolizes the coming emergence of Christian Rome through Dante. He has already taken Aeneas to the Underworld, setting up the entire story. Parallel to this, poetry lays the necessary foundation for the coming age of philosophy. Dante uses typology of the inferno to paradiso. Like the Hebrew Bible, the inferno remains incomplete and foreshadows whats to come. The New Testament completes the text, in the same way philosophy does to poetry. Each is interdependent on the other. In the Inferno, Dante fails to read the inscription to the Gateway to Hell, demonstrating how the archaic style of backgrounding no longer resounds in the new age of foregrounding. This method brings to light how the mind reads and interprets with reason. Because the material realm is incomplete, Dante cannot move to this abstract, spiritual meaning without first going through the forest. In the third canto, Virgil describes to Dante how those in hell have lost the good of the intellect (line 18). The mind can never be fulfilled as it is a pure sensory experience. This is proven when Virgil is only able to guide Dante so far. He cannot take Dante beyond the material realm because he is not a Christian. He represents the arts, the non-metaphysical. A higher entity, Beatrice, will lead him to paradiso. Virgil declares in canto one: If you would then ascend as high as these / a soul more worthy than I am will guide you (lines 121-122). Likewise, we can think of poetry, represented by Virgil, as a disguise to philosophy, the eventual remedy of Beatrice. While philosophy speaks of a thing itself, poetry uses metaphors as a transition to reach a philosophical conclusion. It is a vehicle for truth in its own peculiar way, addressing our minds through imagination, sensibility and feelings. Dante can synthesize Plato and Aristotles views because they are working toward one common goal: the divine, the cave of pure intellect. The mechanisms of philosophy are simply a more sophisticated turn on poetry. Traces of Plato are still seen in Dante, especially when he states in the fifth canto: Those who undergo this torment are damned because they sinned subjecting reason to the rule of lust (lines 37-39). However, in tragedy, what seems irrational and absurd to the audience becomes permeated with reason as it speaks the universal truth about ourselves. The arts show there is something beyond human thought and action as the audience learn how we cannot control everything. There is something beyond this human, materialistic world that we cannot begin to understand. This is God, which is exactly what philosophy aims at. It speaks the truth, not only of human action, but of the existence of the ultimate good. In this way, poetry consists of rational thought and intellect. Virgil tells Dante in canto eight: Forget your fear, no one can hinder our passage; One so great has granted it (lines 104-105). We are turning inward to our souls to reach the divine. This also speaks of Gods infinite and unexplainable power. God makes the impossible possible. Dante had to go down into the deepest level of hell to see the divine. This irony demonstrates catabasis and anagogy, the one single movement towards God. Furthermore, Cassius and Brutus foreshadow Judas betrayal. These three make up the material inversion of the Holy Trinity. We are able to see God in Lucifer. This demonstrates the typology from the inferno to paradiso as well as the process of recollection in Platos Meno and Aristotles Poetics. Just as Dante had to move through death to experience life, the reader must pass through poetry to obtain philosophy. All thinking about God involves moving from the material to the realm of the forms. The divine uses metaphors, our language, to help us understand. We are able to indirectly talk to God through poetry as He determines our fate. It was his will to send Dante into Hell. Like poetrys catharsis and philosophys pharmakon, Dante engages his mind as he journeys through the inferno. By looking and contemplating the suffering of the damned, he becomes reconciled to aspects of his life which would otherwise be nonsensical. Both the poet and philosopher seek the existence of God and of the metaphysical. Although Dante recognizes that the arts have limited utility, he realizes how poetry helps lay the foundation for philosophy through the Aristotelian and Platonian method. It has a cognitive function by helping to better appreciate and complete philosophy. As Venantius Fortunatus wrote in his hymn Vexilla Regis, by death did life procure. Likewise, by poetry did philosophy come about.